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Stargate is a SoftBank- and OpenAI-led company and construction program for large U.S. AI data centers, power systems and supporting infrastructure. Announced on January 21, 2025 by SoftBank, OpenAI, Oracle and MGX, it launched with a commitment to invest $500 billion over four years, including $100 billion immediately, and an initial target of 10 gigawatts (GW) of U.S. AI infrastructure by 2029. SoftBank is financially responsible, OpenAI is operationally responsible, and SoftBank chief executive Masayoshi Son is chairman. By OpenAI’s April 2026 update, the program had exceeded the 10-GW milestone, although most public figures remain company-announced plans rather than an independently audited total.
What exactly is the Stargate AI infrastructure project?
Stargate is both a new corporate venture and a multiyear physical buildout intended to give OpenAI enough computing capacity to train and run increasingly large AI models. It is not a single building or a conventional cloud subscription. The program combines data-center campuses, high-density servers, electricity generation and storage, transmission connections, cooling, networking, land, construction and long-term operations.
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OpenAI is the intended primary user of the computing capacity. SoftBank supplies financial leadership and sponsorship; OpenAI directs how the facilities are engineered and used; Oracle is a founding equity funder and infrastructure partner; and MGX is an initial equity funder. NVIDIA, Arm and Microsoft were named among the initial technology partners.
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How much money and computing capacity does Stargate involve?
The headline commitment is $500 billion over four years, with $100 billion to be deployed immediately, announced in January 2025. The accompanying objective was to reach 10 GW of U.S. AI infrastructure by 2029. These are commitments and targets, not a statement that the full amount has already been spent or that every planned facility is operating.
OpenAI later reported progressively larger planned totals as additional campuses were announced. The figures below are not directly interchangeable: some describe a four-year launch commitment, while others describe planned capacity and investment over the next three years at a particular announcement date.
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| Announcement or update | Capacity figure | Investment figure | What the figure means |
|---|---|---|---|
| January 21, 2025 launch | 10 GW targeted by 2029 | $500 billion over four years; $100 billion immediate | Initial program commitment and milestone |
| September 23, 2025 site announcement | Nearly 7 GW planned | More than $400 billion over the next three years | Five newly identified sites plus Abilene and CoreWeave projects |
| October 30, 2025 Michigan announcement | More than 8 GW planned | More than $450 billion over the next three years | Updated total after adding a Saline Township campus |
| April 2026 infrastructure update | More than 10 GW; over 3 GW added in the prior 90 days | Not restated in the update | OpenAI’s reported progress against the original 2029 capacity goal |
A gigawatt measures power capacity, not the number of computers or the amount of data stored. A site’s nominal electrical capacity can support different quantities of processors depending on cooling design, networking equipment, redundancy and how much power is reserved for non-computing loads. “Planned” GW also does not mean the same thing as energized, commissioned or continuously utilized GW.
Who owns Stargate, and who is responsible for operating it?
SoftBank and OpenAI are the lead partners, but they have deliberately different roles. The launch announcement assigns financial responsibility to SoftBank and operational responsibility to OpenAI. Masayoshi Son, SoftBank’s chief executive, is chairman of the Stargate entity.
- SoftBank Group: financial lead and sponsor of SB Energy, the group’s energy-development company.
- OpenAI: operational lead and intended user of the compute; it specifies model-training and inference requirements and oversees data-center engineering decisions.
- Oracle: founding equity funder and major infrastructure partner. OpenAI and Oracle separately announced an agreement to develop 4.5 GW of additional U.S. capacity.
- MGX: initial equity funder.
- NVIDIA, Arm and Microsoft: named initial technology partners, alongside Oracle and OpenAI.
- SB Energy: selected to build and operate OpenAI’s 1.2-GW Milam County site and develop related energy infrastructure.
This structure means “who owns Stargate?” has no single simple answer. Equity ownership, financing, site ownership, cloud operation and day-to-day facility management can be split among different legal entities and contracts. Public announcements identify the lead roles, but they do not provide a complete cap table for every campus.
What is Stargate actually building?
The program’s physical scope extends well beyond server halls. A frontier-AI campus must bring together several systems that traditionally belong to separate industries:
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- Data centers and supercomputers: buildings designed for dense accelerator clusters, high-speed interconnects and continuous operation.
- Power generation and storage: on-site or contracted generation, batteries and other systems that can supply large loads and manage interruptions.
- Transmission and substations: grid connections capable of delivering a campus-scale load without shifting project costs or reliability problems onto existing customers.
- Cooling: liquid and air systems that remove heat from densely packed processors, with water-use decisions varying by site and design.
- Networking: internal fabrics and external links that let thousands of processors act as a coordinated training system.
- Land, construction and operations: permitting, roads, buildings, maintenance, security, technicians and other permanent staff.
OpenAI’s stated rationale is that model capability is now constrained by physical infrastructure as much as by software research. More chips are useful only when a site can power, cool and network them reliably, and when construction and operations can keep pace with demand.
Where are Stargate data centers being built?
The announced footprint spans several U.S. regions. Locations and capacity descriptions have changed as projects moved from planning to development, so a site appearing in a public list does not by itself prove that construction is complete or that the campus is serving models.
| Location | What has been announced | Reported status |
|---|---|---|
| Abilene, Texas | Flagship campus on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure using NVIDIA GB200 systems | OpenAI said in January 2026 that it was already training and serving frontier AI systems there |
| Shackelford County, Texas | One of five sites identified in the September 2025 announcement | Under development in the January 2026 community update |
| Milam County, Texas | SB Energy selected to build and operate a 1.2-GW OpenAI site and associated energy infrastructure | Under development |
| Doña Ana County, New Mexico | One of the September 2025 sites | Under development |
| Wisconsin | Midwest site identified after the September announcement | Under development |
| Lordstown, Ohio | One of the September 2025 sites | Under development |
| Saline Township, Michigan | Campus added in OpenAI’s October 2025 announcement | Under development in the January 2026 update |
The September announcement grouped the five new sites with Abilene and CoreWeave projects, producing nearly 7 GW of planned capacity. The Michigan announcement later raised the reported plan above 8 GW. OpenAI’s January 2026 community update said Abilene was operating while projects in Texas, New Mexico, Wisconsin and Michigan remained under development; it did not describe every site’s construction stage in the same detail.
How does the Abilene campus fit into the project?
Abilene is the clearest example of Stargate’s intended architecture. OpenAI’s April 2026 infrastructure update says the flagship campus runs on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure and uses NVIDIA GB200 systems. OpenAI also reported that Stargate had surpassed the original 10-GW-by-2029 milestone, adding more than 3 GW during the preceding 90 days.
The Abilene description illustrates why Stargate is not simply a real-estate project. Cloud orchestration, accelerator supply, high-speed networking, power delivery and cooling have to be commissioned together before the site can train or serve a frontier model. OpenAI’s January 2026 update said Abilene was already doing both, while other campuses were still being developed.
What is Oracle’s role, and how is it different from SoftBank’s?
Oracle is a founding equity funder and a major infrastructure partner, not the financial lead assigned to Stargate. Its cloud infrastructure hosts the Abilene campus, and OpenAI and Oracle announced plans for another 4.5 GW of U.S. capacity. The announcement also associated more than 2 million chips with Abilene.
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SoftBank’s role is broader sponsorship and financial responsibility for the Stargate venture, while Oracle supplies cloud and data-center capabilities. A project can therefore have one company responsible for financing, another for operational requirements, and another for the cloud platform and hardware environment. Those distinctions matter when interpreting statements about ownership or control.
Why does Stargate matter for AI and for local communities?
AI progress depends on a physical stack: processors, buildings, electricity, transmission, cooling, fiber, construction crews and trained operators. Stargate links those constraints directly to OpenAI’s model roadmap. If the program delivers the capacity it describes, OpenAI could run larger training jobs and serve more inference requests without relying solely on capacity rented from unrelated providers.
OpenAI also presents the buildout as an economic and industrial program. Expected benefits include construction and permanent jobs, local tax or utility revenue, domestic expertise in data-center engineering and a stronger U.S. position in AI infrastructure. The company’s community materials discuss water use, grid modernization, workforce development and efforts to prevent other electricity customers from bearing project-related power costs.
Those benefits are not automatic. A campus can create jobs while also increasing demand for land, water, transmission upgrades and skilled labor. The relevant questions for a proposed site are practical: who pays for grid work, what cooling system is permitted, how water withdrawals are measured, what employment is permanent, and how reliability is protected for existing customers.
How should you interpret Stargate’s headline numbers?
Use four distinctions whenever a press release cites dollars or gigawatts:
- Commitment versus spending: the $500 billion figure is a four-year commitment announced at launch, not a published ledger of cash already invested.
- Planned versus operating capacity: the nearly 7-GW and more-than-8-GW figures described development plans. Abilene is the site specifically reported as training and serving systems in January 2026.
- Electrical capacity versus computing output: a GW rating does not tell you how many training runs, tokens or users a campus can support.
- Company reporting versus independent verification: the public milestones come from OpenAI and its partners. No single independent audit has established the program’s total economic, energy or environmental impact.
This framework also helps compare Stargate with other AI-infrastructure programs. Compare announced dollars with delivered capacity; planned GW with energized and operating GW; ownership and operating responsibilities; chip and cloud partners; power and water strategy; geography and permitting; jobs; and the quality of independent verification. A larger announced budget is not automatically a larger functioning AI system.
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What are the main uncertainties and risks?
Large campuses must clear local permitting, transmission, construction and equipment bottlenecks. Semiconductor deliveries, transformer availability, interconnection queues and the supply of skilled workers can change schedules. Model demand can also shift: a more efficient architecture may require less compute for a given service, while heavier use can require more.
Energy and water impacts are site-specific. A project’s public GW number does not reveal its annual electricity consumption, peak demand profile, source of generation, cooling-water withdrawal or treatment method. Those details require facility-level disclosures and permits, not just a corporate launch announcement.
Finally, the governance picture is still evolving. The partners have identified lead responsibilities and several named sites, but public announcements do not disclose every financing agreement, ownership percentage, construction milestone or operating contract. Treat dates and capacity totals as snapshots that can be revised as projects are financed, permitted and commissioned.
Can suppliers participate in Stargate?
OpenAI’s launch announcement explicitly invited firms across power, land, construction, equipment and related fields. That points to a broad business-to-business supply chain rather than a consumer product. Potential work can include site design, substations, generation, storage, cooling, networking, construction and facility operations.
OpenAI said such opportunities would use request-for-proposal or request-for-quotation processes. Companies should therefore look for formal procurement notices and contract terms rather than assuming that a public partner list guarantees an open contract. SB Energy’s selection for the Milam County campus is one example of a named infrastructure-development relationship.
What is the bottom line on SoftBank’s Stargate project?
Stargate is an attempt to build the physical foundation for OpenAI’s next generation of AI at unprecedented U.S. scale. SoftBank leads finance, OpenAI leads operations, Oracle and other partners supply cloud, capital and technology, and SB Energy is developing at least one major campus. The program began with a $500 billion commitment and a 10-GW target for 2029; by 2026, OpenAI said reported planned capacity had passed that target and Abilene was already running frontier workloads.
The careful reading is that Stargate is partly operational and largely still a construction and infrastructure program. Its ultimate size, cost, energy footprint and community impact will be determined by what gets permitted, built, powered and independently measured—not by launch targets alone.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is Stargate a single data center or a network of campuses?
It is a network of campuses and supporting energy projects managed under one strategic program. Abilene is the operating example publicly described in detail, while sites in several states remain at different development stages.
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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsDoes Stargate’s 10-GW figure mean it will generate 10 GW of electricity?
No. The figure refers to AI infrastructure capacity, generally expressed as the power available to computing facilities and related systems. It does not specify how much electricity is generated on site, how much is purchased from the grid, or the facility’s annual consumption.
How can a local government evaluate a proposed Stargate campus?
Officials should examine interconnection studies, water and cooling permits, road and transmission costs, emergency plans, tax agreements and the split between temporary construction jobs and permanent positions. A company’s nationwide capacity total cannot answer those site-level questions.
Where would a supplier find work connected with Stargate?
OpenAI has described RFP and RFQ processes covering power, land, construction, equipment and related services. A supplier should rely on a formal procurement notice or signed contract, because being named as a general partner does not guarantee that every vendor can participate.
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