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Ship an AI-generated feature as a sequence of small, dependency-ordered pull requests instead of one opaque diff. Use Spec Kit to turn the idea into an explicit specification, implementation plan, and task list; then use gh stack to place each coherent layer on its own branch. The trunk-facing branch carries the foundation, later branches depend on the one immediately below them, and pull requests are merged from the bottom upward.
This workflow makes machine-produced code easier to inspect, test, revise, and roll back. It does add branch-management and rebase work, so it succeeds only when every layer has a narrow purpose, every branch is kept synchronized, and reviewers understand the dependency chain.
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What are stacked pull requests, and why do they fit AI-generated features?
A stacked pull-request workflow divides one feature into two or more pull requests in the same repository. The first branch targets the trunk, usually main; each subsequent branch targets the branch immediately below it. A reviewer can therefore inspect a focused change while still seeing the complete feature by following the chain. GitHub describes the goal plainly: “Stacked pull requests keep large code changes reviewable.”
AI coding agents make this pattern particularly useful. An agent can generate a data model, migration, API, middleware, UI integration, and tests in one session. A single pull request then mixes architectural decisions, generated boilerplate, behavioral changes, and test updates. Reviewers must reconstruct dependencies before they can judge correctness, and any defect near the bottom contaminates every later file. A stack exposes those dependencies and gives each layer an independent review and validation point.
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| Decision axis | One large pull request | Stacked pull requests |
|---|---|---|
| Review size and focus | One broad diff with several concerns interleaved. | Small, named layers that can be reviewed in dependency order. |
| Dependency visibility | Dependencies are implicit in file order and commit history. | Branch targets show exactly which change must land first. |
| Work before the feature merges | Later work is often hidden in a long-lived branch. | Higher branches can be built and reviewed while lower pull requests are pending. |
| Rebase and coordination | Usually one branch, so less stack bookkeeping. | Every lower-branch change must be propagated upward. |
| CI and branch protection | Existing one-PR assumptions generally continue to work. | Checks and bots must be tested against multiple related pull requests. |
| Merge sequencing | One approval and one merge event. | Approved layers merge from the branch nearest main toward the top. |
The trade-off is deliberate: you exchange a potentially intimidating review for a visible chain of smaller reviews. Keep the stack shallow enough that a human can explain its order and purpose without opening every file.
What does Spec Kit add before any branch is created?
Spec Kit is an extensible harness for coding agents. Its process is Specify → Plan → Tasks → Implement → Converge. Each phase produces Markdown artifacts that provide structured context to the next phase, replacing an informal prompt with a traceable description of intent, design, work items, and validation.
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Describe the user problem, expected outcomes, constraints, edge cases, and what is explicitly out of scope. Ask the agent to identify ambiguities rather than silently choosing defaults. The resulting specification is the reference for deciding whether a generated change belongs in the feature.
Plan: choose the design and boundaries
Turn the behavior into a technical plan: affected components, interfaces, data changes, migration concerns, security boundaries, and test strategy. At this point, ask the agent to propose implementation layers ordered by dependency. The plan should say which layer can be compiled or tested without the layers above it.
Tasks: make work units reviewable
Break the plan into tasks that can be completed and checked without mixing unrelated concerns. A task such as “add the table and migration” is a better candidate for a foundation branch than “implement the feature.” Include acceptance checks, generated-file expectations, and any manual verification a reviewer must perform.
Implement: execute one layer at a time
Give the agent only the specification, plan slice, and tasks for the current branch. This limits context drift and prevents it from opportunistically editing higher layers. Commit the result before creating the next branch.
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Converge: reconcile implementation and intent
Compare behavior, tests, and documentation with the specification. Resolve open questions, remove generated code that is not justified by a task, and record deliberate deviations. Convergence is especially important when an agent produced a plausible implementation that does not satisfy an unstated edge case.
GitHub’s 2026 Spec Kit page reports 130K+ GitHub stars, 270+ contributors, 38 integrations, 157 extensions, and 33 presets. Those ecosystem counts are time-sensitive; treat them as a snapshot rather than a permanent capability guarantee.
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What do I need before using Spec Kit and gh stack?
- A Git repository in which every stack branch lives in the same repository. Cross-fork stacks are unsupported.
- GitHub CLI authenticated for the account that can create branches and pull requests.
- The
gh-stackextension installed in GitHub CLI. - Git 2.36 or newer and GitHub CLI 2.0 or newer for the
gh-stackrepository’s stated requirements. - If you are following the current GitHub Copilot agent workflow, GitHub’s tutorial specifies GitHub CLI 2.90.0 or later. Use that newer version for the tutorial workflow and verify version requirements when you install.
- An agent integration supported by Spec Kit, or a manual workflow if you prefer to run each phase yourself.
GitHub Desktop does not support stacked pull requests. Branch protection, required checks, merge queues, and automation should be piloted because some organizations assume one pull request represents one feature branch.
How do I install Spec Kit, gh stack, and the optional agent skill?
Install the command-line pieces before writing the feature plan. The commands below use the documented package and extension names.
- Install and authenticate GitHub CLI, then complete the browser or token flow when prompted:
gh auth login - Install the stack extension:
gh extension install github/gh-stack - If your agent workflow uses the optional skill, install it as well:
gh skill install github/gh-stack - Install the Spec Kit command-line tool with
uv:uv tool install specify-cli - Initialize Spec Kit in the project and select a supported agent integration. For GitHub Copilot, the documented example is:
specify init my-project --integration copilotReplace
my-projectwith the project directory and choose another supported integration when Copilot is not your agent.
Spec Kit supports step-by-step and automated workflows and can be adapted to an existing project. Keep the generated Markdown artifacts under version control if your team wants later reviewers to understand why a layer exists.
How should I split an AI-generated feature into dependency-ordered layers?
Start with the smallest change that establishes a stable contract, then move outward toward behavior and integration. Every branch should make sense on its own, even if it is not user-visible until later branches land.
| Layer | Typical contents | Why it precedes the next layer |
|---|---|---|
| Foundation | Data model, schema, migration, shared types, or configuration defaults. | Later code needs a stable representation and migration path. |
| API or domain behavior | CRUD handlers, service methods, validation, and error contracts. | Clients and middleware need the behavior and interfaces to exist. |
| Authentication or middleware | Authorization checks, request context, rate limits, or cross-cutting policy. | Integration code must call the secured contract rather than bypass it. |
| Integration | UI wiring, external adapters, jobs, or end-to-end flows. | It consumes the lower-level contracts. |
| Tests and hardening | Unit, integration, regression, documentation, and observability updates. | It verifies the assembled behavior and closes gaps discovered during review. |
This is a pattern, not a mandatory five-branch recipe. Combine layers when the repository cannot compile or test them separately; split a layer when its diff stops being a quick read. Do not create a “tests” branch that depends on unstable behavior merely to make the stack look complete.
How do I initialize and implement the foundation branch?
Begin from an up-to-date trunk branch and create the bottom of the stack. The foundation branch should contain only the lowest dependency identified in the plan.
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- Initialize the stack with a descriptive branch name:
gh stack init foundation - Give the agent only the foundation tasks. For a data layer, that may include the schema, migration, shared type, and migration test, but not API handlers or UI code.
- Inspect generated files, migrations, permissions, and error paths manually. Run the repository’s formatter, linter, unit tests, and migration checks.
- Stage and commit the completed layer:
git add . git commit -m 'add feature foundation'
Review this branch before adding dependents. A mistaken column type, public interface, or migration assumption propagates into every branch above it and makes later review noisier.
How do I add each dependent branch with gh stack?
Create one branch for each coherent layer, implement only that layer, and commit before moving upward. The branch created by gh stack add automatically sits on the current top of the stack.
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- Create the next branch:
gh stack add api-layer - Implement the API or domain tasks that depend on
foundation. Do not repair unrelated foundation code here; send that correction back to the owning branch. - Run focused tests plus the checks needed to prove the branch still works with its parent.
- Commit the layer, then repeat for authentication, integration, or testing branches:
git add . git commit -m 'add feature API layer' gh stack add auth-layer
Use names that communicate order and purpose, such as data-foundation, api-layer, auth-layer, and integration-tests. Avoid names that encode temporary agent prompts or ticket fragments that will be meaningless to reviewers.
How do I push the stack and open its pull requests?
Push the branches as a unit, inspect the resulting chain, and submit the pull requests only after local validation.
gh stack push
gh stack view
gh stack submitgh stack view is the quick sanity check: confirm the bottom branch targets the trunk, every other branch targets its immediate predecessor, and no unrelated local branch has entered the chain. When submitting, give every pull request a title and description that identify its layer, prerequisite branch, tests, and any behavior intentionally deferred to a higher branch.
Reviewers should be able to open the bottom pull request and understand the contract that the next pull request consumes. In each description, state the expected merge order rather than asking reviewers to infer it from branch names.
How should I review and validate a stack?
Validate each branch as a real change, not merely as a visual slice of the final feature. A green top-level build cannot prove that an unsafe foundation or an untested migration is acceptable.
- Run the repository’s formatter, linter, type checker, unit tests, integration tests, and security or code-scanning checks that apply to the layer.
- Review the generated code for authorization, input validation, data-loss paths, error handling, logging, and dependency changes; an agent’s confidence is not evidence.
- Check that migrations are reversible or have the repository’s documented recovery procedure.
- Confirm that tests assert the behavior promised by the specification, including failure cases and boundary conditions.
- Read the diff from the branch’s parent, not only the cumulative diff at the top of the stack.
- Keep unrelated formatting churn and opportunistic refactors out of the layer under review.
Review from the bottom when layers are tightly coupled: a reviewer can approve the contract before judging its consumers. Parallel review is reasonable when two layers are sufficiently independent, but the merge order remains bottom-up.
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Correct an issue on the branch that owns it, then propagate that correction upward. Editing the top branch to compensate for a lower-branch defect hides the real ownership and creates divergent behavior.
- Navigate to the owning branch with the stack controls:
gh stack down gh stack up gh stack checkout BRANCH-NAME - Make the smallest correction that resolves the review comment, run the branch’s checks, and commit it.
- Rebase every dependent branch onto the corrected history:
gh stack rebase --upstack - Re-run tests on the affected branches. A lower-level interface change can invalidate generated client code, snapshots, or integration assumptions above it.
- Push the updated stack and tell reviewers which pull requests changed. Their previous approvals may need another look if the correction changes behavior rather than merely fixing a typo.
Keep the correction in the lowest branch that semantically owns it. If the problem is introduced only by an integration layer, leave lower branches untouched and fix the integration branch instead.
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How do I rebase and merge a stack safely?
Rebase before merging whenever the trunk or a lower branch has moved, resolve conflicts at the branch where they occur, and merge from the trunk-facing pull request upward.
- Fetch the latest remote state and inspect the stack with
gh stack view. - Update the bottom branch against the current trunk according to your repository’s policy. Resolve conflicts carefully, run the foundation checks, and commit the resolved result.
- Run
gh stack rebase --upstackso every higher branch is rebuilt on the corrected parent. - Push the rebased stack. Treat rewritten branch history as a coordinated update; do not mix an unrelated feature into the force-push window.
- Wait for required checks and approvals on the bottom pull request, then merge it.
- After the lower pull request lands, inspect the remaining targets. GitHub may retarget or rebase them as the lower change becomes part of the trunk; verify the displayed diff is still only the intended layer.
- Merge the next approved pull request, repeating checks and inspection until the top branch is merged.
Auto-merge or a merge queue can perform the sequence as checks pass, but only if your branch-protection rules understand dependent pull requests. A queue that treats every branch as independent can merge the wrong order or leave checks evaluating a stale base, so pilot it with a representative stack.
What should each stacked pull-request description contain?
Use a consistent description so a reviewer can orient themselves without reading the entire feature plan.
- Purpose: one sentence naming the layer’s behavior or contract.
- Parent: the branch or pull request immediately below it.
- Included work: the Spec Kit tasks completed in this branch.
- Excluded work: explicit examples of changes intentionally left for higher branches.
- Validation: commands run, test scope, migration checks, and any environment assumptions.
- Agent review: generated files or decisions that received extra human inspection.
- Merge note: whether a lower-branch change would require this branch to be rebased.
This format prevents a reviewer from approving a layer while assuming a later layer’s safeguards already exist.
What are the main failure modes and how do I recover?
The stack crosses repositories or forks
Cross-fork stacks are unsupported. Move the work into one repository or use separate, manually coordinated pull requests rather than pretending the extension can track a cross-fork dependency chain.
A pull request becomes too large
Stop adding tasks and split the branch at a stable contract. Move dependent commits to a new branch with gh stack add, then update descriptions so reviewers know the new order.
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A lower branch changes after upper review
Apply the fix in the owning branch and run gh stack rebase --upstack. Recheck every affected diff and test; upper approvals should not be treated as permanent when their base changed.
CI assumes one pull request per feature
Pilot the stack with branch-protection administrators. Check whether required checks run against each branch’s effective base, whether bots comment on cumulative or incremental diffs, and whether merge queues retarget the remaining pull requests correctly.
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Generated code leaks into the wrong layer
Reset or move unrelated files before committing. Ask the agent to operate from the current branch’s task subset, and use the pull request’s parent diff to catch scope bleed.
A branch is checked out out of order
Use gh stack view and gh stack checkout BRANCH-NAME to return to a known node. Do not create a new branch from an outdated local tip; synchronize the stack first.
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How can an existing project adopt this workflow gradually?
Spec Kit does not require a brand-new repository. Initialize it in an existing project, describe the feature and current constraints, and let the planning phase identify seams in the codebase. Start with one non-critical feature so the team can learn how its tests, bots, branch protection, and release process react to stacked pull requests.
For a mature codebase, record legacy behavior in the specification before asking an agent to change it. If an old interface cannot be split cleanly, make the first branch a compatibility or refactoring foundation and keep user-visible behavior in a later branch. This gives reviewers a safe checkpoint without forcing an all-at-once migration.
How should a team pilot stacked PRs with AI-generated code?
- Choose a feature with clear dependencies and a test suite that can run on individual layers.
- Write the Spec Kit specification, plan, and task list before opening branches.
- Agree on a maximum practical stack depth and a naming convention.
- Assign one owner to keep branch targets and rebases synchronized while reviewers focus on code.
- Measure review turnaround, conflict frequency, failed checks, and the number of comments that identify scope or dependency problems.
- After the feature merges, record which layers were too broad or too fine and adjust the next plan.
The objective is not to maximize the number of pull requests. It is to make each change understandable, testable, and reversible while preserving enough context for the complete feature.
What is the repeatable operating pattern?
Specify the behavior, plan the design, and convert the plan into dependency-ordered tasks. Initialize the foundation from trunk, add one focused branch per layer, validate every branch, push and submit the chain, fix comments on the owning branch, rebase upward, and merge from the bottom pull request to the top. Keep the repository, tooling versions, CI assumptions, and stack depth visible to the humans responsible for approving the code.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I test a higher branch without merging the lower pull requests?
Yes. Check out the higher branch with its parent chain present and run the same tests you will use in CI. The result represents the cumulative code in that branch, so reviewers should also inspect the incremental diff against its immediate parent.
Does Spec Kit require GitHub Copilot?
No. Spec Kit supports multiple agent integrations and can be used in step-by-step or automated workflows. The initialization command selects the integration you intend to use, while the specification and planning artifacts remain Markdown.
What happens to an upper pull request when its parent merges?
Its effective base changes from the former parent branch to the newly updated trunk or lower branch. Inspect the displayed diff and rerun checks after the retarget or rebase; a clean-looking pull request can still contain conflicts or altered generated files.
How do I decide whether two tasks belong in one layer?
Keep them together when they share a contract, must be reviewed to understand one another, and can be tested with the same setup. Separate them when one task can be approved and reverted independently or when the combined diff prevents a quick explanation of what changed.
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