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To expose an Open Responses-compatible interface, implement an authenticated POST /v1/responses endpoint that accepts JSON, translates requests into your provider’s native format, and returns standardized response items. For streaming, emit semantic server-sent events and finish with a terminal response event. Preserve tool calls as typed items, and support previous_response_id only if your service can reliably persist and retrieve the referenced conversation state.
The key is to treat Open Responses as a wire contract, not just a familiar endpoint name. Clients need consistent item types, event ordering, tool handoffs, and continuation behavior—not merely a request that happens to reach an LLM.
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What does Open Responses standardize?
Open Responses is an open-source specification and ecosystem for interoperable LLM interfaces based on the OpenAI Responses API format. Its purpose is to let developers describe common interactions once and use that interface with different model providers, including OpenAI, Anthropic, Gemini, local models, and other implementations.
The shared contract covers more than sending a prompt and receiving text. It defines common concepts for messages, function calls, multimodal inputs, streaming, evaluation, routing, and logging. In the specification’s terms, it aims to make calling models, streaming results, and composing agentic workflows more consistent across providers.
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For an implementer, the practical boundary is your HTTP API. Your server translates a request in the shared format into the provider’s native request, then translates the provider’s result back into standardized response objects or events. Provider-specific behavior can still exist, but clients should be able to recognize it as an extension rather than mistake it for a common item.
What does a compatible endpoint need to accept and return?
The reference creation endpoint is POST /v1/responses. Requests use HTTP with an Authorization header, a Content-Type header, and a JSON-encoded body. The specification requires an authorization header but does not make every implementation’s credential scheme identical; document the scheme your service accepts.
A request can include a model and an input. The input may be a plain string, interpreted as a user message, or an array of typed input items. A minimal typed example looks like this:
{
"model": "your-model",
"input": [
{
"type": "message",
"role": "user",
"content": [
{"type": "input_text", "text": "Summarize this document."}
]
}
],
"tools": []
}This illustrates the shape, not every permitted field or every input type. Use the current specification’s schema for the complete contract rather than treating a small example as a complete validator.
For a non-streaming request, return JSON containing a response object with an output-item array. Do not assume the first output item is a text message: the model may return multiple items, and ordering and length depend on the response. Your client-facing response should represent the resulting items, not flatten every outcome into one string.
Validate the request before calling the model
Check authentication, the JSON content type, model selection, item type discriminators, and tool definitions before invoking the provider. These checks separate malformed or unsupported requests from provider execution failures and help prevent a native provider error from becoming an opaque compatibility failure.
Validation should be format-aware. For example, an item’s type identifies how it should be interpreted; a message’s role and content parts carry meaning beyond their textual serialization. Preserve fields your implementation supports when mapping to the native API, and define a clear policy for inputs it cannot represent. Silently discarding an image, file, or function-call item can produce a valid-looking but semantically incorrect model request.
How should you represent messages and other items?
Items are the interoperability layer: they are typed, atomic units of context that can travel from client to provider and back. Common item types include message and function_call. Item lifecycles can use statuses such as in_progress, completed, and incomplete.
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A message item normally contains a role and content parts. User content may include text, images, or files, while model-generated text commonly appears as output_text. Keep the distinction between input and output content types; converting all content to a generic text field erases information clients may need to interpret the result.
Represent each supported item as an item in the output array, with its type and lifecycle status intact. An incomplete item is terminal: it should be the last item in an incomplete response. That ordering gives a consumer a reliable way to understand that the response ended without presenting the item as a completed result.
Handle unsupported and provider-specific types explicitly
A provider may expose capabilities that are not part of the shared item vocabulary. The specification allows extensions, and recommends prefixing non-standard item types with the provider slug, such as provider_slug:custom_tool. A namespaced type tells clients that the item is an extension rather than a common schema element.
Document which extensions your implementation emits and what clients should do when they encounter them. Likewise, define whether an unsupported incoming type is rejected, passed through, or handled by a documented fallback. The right choice depends on your adapter, but silently reinterpreting an unknown discriminator as ordinary text undermines interoperability.
How do you translate a provider’s response into streaming events?
For a streaming response, use Content-Type: text/event-stream. Each SSE data payload is a JSON-encoded object. The stream must end with one of response.completed, response.failed, or response.incomplete; a literal [DONE] marker after the terminal event is optional.
The event sequence describes semantic changes to the response, not arbitrary provider token plumbing. A new output item begins with response.output_item.added. For content-bearing items, the stream then opens a content part, emits typed delta events, closes the content part, and finishes the item with response.output_item.done. The response ends with its terminal lifecycle event.
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|---|---|
response.output_item.added |
A new output item has begun. |
| Content-part opened | A content-bearing item has begun a part. |
| Typed delta event | A content update is available in the part’s type. |
| Content-part closed | The current content part is finished. |
response.output_item.done |
The output item has finished. |
| Terminal response event | The response completed, failed, or ended incomplete. |
The precise event names and payload schemas for individual content deltas are part of the specification; implement them from its current schema rather than inventing a provider-specific substitute. Preserve event order, item identifiers, output indexes, and terminal status when adapting a native stream. If a provider’s stream exposes a tool call or reasoning item, do not drop it just because it is not a text delta.
Choose terminal status based on the actual outcome
A stream needs an unambiguous final lifecycle event. Use response.completed for a completed response, response.failed when it fails, and response.incomplete when it ends incomplete. Do not emit a successful completion merely because the provider connection closed: the terminal event communicates the outcome to the client.
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Keep any optional [DONE] marker separate from the response lifecycle. The marker is not required by the specification and does not replace the required terminal event.
How do tool calls and tool results work?
A function call is an output item, not just text that happens to describe an action. It carries a function name, a call identifier, and serialized arguments. In an external tool loop, the model emits that item, the application executes the requested function, and the application submits the result as a tool-result item in a follow-up request.
This separation matters because the LLM provider and the tool executor may be different systems. The provider produces a structured request to act; your application decides whether and how to execute it, then returns the result in the conversation. Preserve the call identifier through that exchange so the request and result remain associated.
Open Responses also distinguishes externally hosted tools, such as developer-run functions and MCP servers, from internally hosted provider tools. In an external loop, your application owns execution. In a provider-hosted loop, the provider executes the tool and streams the resulting item. Your adapter should make clear which model applies to each tool instead of presenting provider-managed execution as though your application ran it.
What does each tool policy mean?
tool_choice |
Effect |
|---|---|
auto |
Allows a tool call or a direct answer. |
required |
Requires at least one tool call. |
none |
Forbids tools. |
| Structured named-function choice | Forces a specified function. |
When translating these policies into a provider-native request, retain their intent. A provider’s native option may use different labels or may not support the same control. If your adapter cannot honor a requested policy, make that limitation visible rather than accepting the field and returning behavior that contradicts it.
When should you support previous_response_id?
Support previous_response_id when your server persists response state and can retrieve it for a follow-up request. It lets a client refer to a prior exchange instead of resending the entire transcript. The effective context must be assembled in this order: prior input, prior output, then newly supplied input.
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How do you build a provider adapter without losing meaning?
Keep the compatibility layer separate from the provider-specific transport. The Open Responses-facing layer validates and interprets typed requests; the adapter maps supported items and controls into a provider-native request; the response mapper converts native results into standardized items and events. This separation makes unsupported capabilities easier to report and reduces the risk that a provider’s format leaks into the shared contract.
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Map request meaning, not just field names
Start by mapping model selection, input messages, content parts, tool definitions, and tool policy. A string input can be treated as a user message, but typed input can carry distinctions such as role and content type. Map those distinctions where the provider supports them. For content the provider cannot represent, define a clear rejection or documented limitation rather than silently omitting it.
Map results as an array of typed items
Translate the provider’s result into zero or more output items according to the actual response. A text message, function call, or other supported item should retain its own type and status. Do not build client code around the assumption that every response contains one text item at index zero; the format allows output length and ordering to vary.
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During streaming, preserve the difference between a failed response and an incomplete one. During non-streaming operation, return the response object and its output items in the established format. The specification establishes the terminal streaming event categories, but an implementation should consult its current schema for exact error object fields and status-code behavior rather than infer them from the event names.
What implementation order reduces compatibility problems?
Build the smallest useful contract first, then add capabilities in layers. This keeps a basic response path testable before streaming, tools, and persisted conversations introduce more lifecycle states.
- Publish an OpenAPI document. Describe your
/v1/responsessurface and keep dated releases when the schema changes. Clients need a versioned record of what your endpoint accepts and returns. - Implement non-streaming responses. Accept JSON, validate authentication and request shape, map the request to the provider, and return a response object with an output-item array.
- Add typed content and item handling. Support the item types and content parts your adapter can faithfully map. Define behavior for unsupported types and provider-specific extensions.
- Add function calls and tool results. Preserve call IDs and serialized arguments, and support the follow-up request that carries an external executor’s result.
- Add SSE lifecycle events. Emit item and content transitions in order, then one appropriate terminal response event.
- Add continuation only after persistence is defined. Implement
previous_response_idwhen prior input and output can be retrieved and ordered correctly. - Run the compliance tester against your provider base URL. Use the repository’s filters, including basic-response and streaming-response, to isolate failures. Record which capabilities pass and which remain unsupported.
This sequence is a development strategy, not a substitute for the specification. In particular, publishing an OpenAPI description and passing a basic-response test do not establish that every item type, tool behavior, or streaming lifecycle is compatible.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How can you test whether an endpoint is compatible?
Use the repository compliance tester against your provider base URL and run both broad and focused checks. Its documented filters include basic-response and streaming-response, which help distinguish request/response problems from event-sequence problems. Keep the results with the API schema release they tested so changes can be traced.
In addition to automated checks, verify the behaviors a client depends on:
- A plain string input is treated as a user message, while an array input is interpreted as typed items.
- Authentication, content type, model selection, discriminators, and tool definitions are validated before provider invocation.
- A response can contain multiple output items without the client assuming the first is text.
- Item statuses distinguish in-progress, completed, and incomplete lifecycles, with an incomplete item last in an incomplete response.
- A stream announces item creation, content transitions, item completion, and a terminal response outcome in the expected order.
- External tool calls preserve the call identifier through execution and result submission.
- Continuation reconstructs prior input and output before adding new input, when persistence is enabled.
- Provider extensions use a namespaced type and are documented for clients.
Passing a filtered test is evidence about that test’s scope, not proof of full interoperability. Publish the supported item and content types, streaming behavior, tool execution model, continuation semantics, and compliance coverage so users can judge whether your implementation fits their client.
What should you compare when evaluating two implementations?
The endpoint path alone is a weak compatibility signal. Compare the features that determine whether a client can preserve meaning while moving between implementations.
| Comparison area | What to check |
|---|---|
| Items and content | Which item discriminators and content types are accepted and emitted? |
| Streaming fidelity | Are semantic events ordered correctly, with stable item identifiers, output indexes, and a valid terminal event? |
| Tool execution | Are tools external to the provider or hosted by it, and how are call results represented? |
| Continuation | Does the server persist responses, and how does it handle retrieval and deletion? |
| Multimodal support | Which image and file inputs can the implementation actually map? |
| Extensions | Are non-standard types clearly namespaced and documented? |
| Failure behavior | Can clients distinguish failed responses from incomplete ones? |
| Test evidence | Which compliance tests and filters have been run? |
There is no authoritative adoption, latency, cost, or provider-coverage statistic established here for Open Responses. Avoid using unsupported adoption counts or performance claims as a proxy for compatibility; the implementation details above are the more useful evidence for a client choosing an endpoint.
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Most compatibility failures come from treating the format as a path-and-payload convention instead of a set of typed interaction semantics.
- Returning only a string: Flattening the response loses item types and makes function calls or other outputs difficult to distinguish from ordinary prose.
- Assuming output index zero is text: Output item count and ordering depend on the model response, so clients and adapters need to handle the array.
- Turning provider token chunks directly into events: A native delta stream may not preserve the item lifecycle. Adapt it into semantic events and retain identifiers and indexes.
- Dropping non-text items: Tool calls, reasoning items, or multimodal content should not disappear simply because the adapter’s simplest path handles text.
- Claiming continuation without state: A previous-response identifier is useful only if the server can reconstruct the corresponding prior context.
- Calling a partial implementation fully compatible: State support by item type, content type, tools, streaming, continuation, and test coverage instead of implying the endpoint covers everything.
What does a credible compatibility claim look like?
Describe the implementation as a set of supported capabilities, not as an unqualified label. State which shared item and content types it handles, whether it streams semantic events, how external and hosted tools work, whether it persists prior responses, what extensions it emits, and which compliance tests it passes.
That description helps a client decide whether it can use the endpoint without losing inputs or output semantics. It also sets a useful boundary: Open Responses can provide a shared interface across providers, but the contract does not make every provider capability identical or guarantee that every implementation supports the full format.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I make one Responses-style client work with OpenAI, Anthropic, Gemini, and a local model?
Potentially, if each endpoint implements the same parts of the Open Responses contract that the client uses. A shared format reduces provider-specific client logic, but it does not make unsupported content types, tools, or persistence behavior appear automatically.
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Does an endpoint need to support every Open Responses feature to be useful?
No. A documented subset can still serve clients whose needs fit that subset. The important distinction is to describe support precisely and avoid presenting partial coverage as complete compatibility.
Is the optional [DONE] marker enough to end an SSE stream?
No. The stream must include a terminal response event such as `response.completed`, `response.failed`, or `response.incomplete`. The marker may follow that event, but it is optional.
Does passing the compliance tester prove full compatibility?
It demonstrates behavior covered by the tests and filters that were run, not every possible item, content type, or tool workflow. Report the test scope alongside the capabilities your implementation supports.
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