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Give a sandboxed AI agent the smallest filesystem and network authority that can complete its task. Start read-only with networking disabled, then grant write access only to the active workspace and any explicitly required build directories. If internet access is necessary, turn it on through an enforced proxy or domain filter and allow only named hosts; a network-enabled permission without an active proxy can permit unrestricted direct outbound traffic. Keep credentials outside the agent’s readable paths, retain approval prompts for boundary crossings, and inspect the effective policy before opening an unfamiliar repository.
What does a safe sandbox policy for an AI agent include?
A useful policy has two independent boundaries: filesystem isolation and network isolation. Filesystem rules determine what the agent can read, create, modify, or delete. Network rules determine whether it can contact the public internet, local-network services, package registries, source-control hosts, or an internal API. Configure both; a locked-down filesystem does not prevent data exfiltration if the process can reach arbitrary hosts, and a network filter does not stop an agent from reading secrets already mounted in its workspace.
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Use a deny-by-default posture and add exceptions for the current task. Classify every path and destination before granting access:
- Workspace: the project directory the agent must edit.
- Build output: generated files, compiler caches, test artifacts, and package-manager stores that must be written for a build to succeed.
- Shared source or caches: dependency caches or monorepo directories that may be needed read-only.
- Sensitive paths: SSH keys, cloud credentials, password stores, browser profiles, unrelated home-directory data, and production configuration.
- External services: exact API, package, documentation, or source-control hosts required by the task.
Grant the workspace read/write access only when edits are required. Keep shared material read-only and explicitly deny sensitive paths even when a broader home-directory rule would otherwise expose them. Leave network access off for tasks that can run from local files and cached dependencies.
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Why must filesystem and network controls be configured together?
Prompt injection is the central threat: instructions hidden in an issue, document, test fixture, or dependency can persuade an otherwise helpful agent to search for credentials, alter unrelated files, or upload data. Filesystem isolation limits what that instruction can read or change. Network isolation limits exfiltration and unapproved downloads. Anthropic’s guidance describes both as required boundaries, not interchangeable defenses.
Neither boundary is absolute endpoint security. A sandbox is not automatically a virtual machine or a separate user account. Host credentials, mounted sockets, inherited environment variables, device files, and powerful tools can weaken isolation. Treat any elevated mode, host integration, or container with stored secrets as a trusted operation and reduce the exposure before running untrusted code.
What should be denied explicitly?
- Private key directories, credential files, token caches, password-manager databases, and cloud-provider configuration.
- Entire home-directory areas unrelated to the project, including personal documents and browser data.
- Container or orchestration control sockets unless the task specifically requires them and the operator accepts host-level risk.
- Production deployment credentials and service-account keys; use a temporary, least-privilege substitute instead.
An explicit deny is safer than relying on the agent to avoid a path. In systems with precedence rules, place the deny so it wins over a broad read-only or read/write grant.
How do I design a least-privilege policy step by step?
Build the policy from the task’s actual file and service dependencies, not from the agent’s requested permissions. The following sequence works across desktop sandboxes, editor integrations, and container wrappers.
- Map the task. Record the workspace path, expected build directories, test commands, package caches, generated output, and external services. Separate items that must be written from those that only need to be read.
- Begin read-only. Run discovery, static analysis, or a dry-run with filesystem writes disabled and outbound network disabled. This reveals missing inputs without exposing a large authority surface.
- Grant workspace writes. If implementation is required, allow read/write only for the project directory. Add a separate build or temporary directory when the tool cannot keep generated files inside the workspace.
- Add narrow read-only mounts. Expose a dependency cache or shared source tree read-only when necessary. Never broaden this to an entire home directory to solve a single missing file.
- Add explicit denies. Deny credentials and unrelated personal data even if they are outside the normal workspace. Confirm the sandbox’s precedence semantics so the deny overrides broader grants.
- Keep public networking off by default. A local build that uses existing dependencies does not need internet access.
- Allow exact hosts only when required. Enable the platform’s proxy or domain filter, then allowlist the specific API endpoint, package registry, documentation host, or source-control service. Do not assume that merely setting a network flag activates filtering.
- Handle local-network access separately. Keep access to private IP ranges, localhost services, and internal DNS disabled unless a named internal service is part of the task.
- Retain approvals. Require an operator decision for operations outside the configured boundary, such as writing a new path, opening a shell escape, or changing the policy.
- Inspect before execution. Use the platform’s effective-policy view or equivalent diagnostic command. Verify the current working directory exception, deny rules, proxy status, and destination list.
- Use dedicated credentials. Pass only a task-scoped token or environment credential. Remove or rotate it when the run ends, especially after executing untrusted code.
- Revoke temporary access. Return to read-only and disable networking when the network-dependent step is complete.
How does Codex combine filesystem and network permissions?
Codex permission profiles combine filesystem rules with a network setting. Workspace-write mode permits edits in the workspace while approval controls govern attempts to cross that boundary. Linux implementations use host mechanisms such as bubblewrap and seccomp, so the profile is an operating-system restriction rather than a full virtual machine.
Recommended Codex sequence
- Select the narrowest permission profile that matches the task.
- Run reconnaissance with read-only access and networking disabled.
- Switch to workspace-write only for an implementation or formatting step that must change files.
- When internet access is required, enable the network proxy feature before adding domain rules.
- Allowlist only the required hosts, such as one API endpoint or package registry, and leave all other destinations blocked.
- Keep approval prompts enabled for attempts to leave the workspace or alter protected paths.
The important distinction is between a permission that allows command networking and a proxy that enforces destination rules. With network.enabled = true but no active proxy, commands may have direct outbound access that bypasses the domain list. Treat proxy activation as a separate required step and verify it in the effective policy.
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Codex credential pattern
For self-hosted Agents API environments, restrict outbound connections to the documented control-plane hosts api.openai.com and codex-cloud-environments.chatgpt.com. Use a dedicated environment key with only environment or session permissions, inject it as the environment credential, and keep the application’s broader API key outside the sandbox. Do not copy a general-purpose key into the workspace or an environment file that the agent can read.
How do I configure sandboxing in VS Code?
VS Code agent sandboxing exposes three path classes: readwritePaths, readonlyPaths, and deniedPaths. The precedence is explicit: denied paths override read-only paths, and read-only paths override read/write paths. The current working directory receives read/write access automatically, so inspect that exception rather than assuming every grant is visible in your configuration.
Path policy
- Set the project as the working directory only when it is the repository you intend to trust.
- Add generated output or a dedicated build cache to
readwritePathsif the build cannot place it under the project. - Add shared dependency caches and reference repositories to
readonlyPaths. - Put credential directories and unrelated home-directory data in
deniedPaths, even if a parent path is read-only. - Review the resulting policy with
/sandbox policywhere that command is supported.
Network policy
Network is separate from filesystem access. allowNetwork controls outbound access, while allowLocalNetwork controls local-network hosts. Allowed and denied domain lists narrow destinations when networking is enabled. Keep both switches off for offline work; if a package install needs public access, enable public networking with a short allowlist and leave local-network access disabled.
VS Code’s sandbox is an OS-level restriction, not a VM or separate user account. Continue to protect the host with normal endpoint controls, avoid exposing host credentials, and treat a repository’s install and test scripts as untrusted code until reviewed.
How should Claude Code be isolated?
Claude Code’s threat model separates filesystem isolation from network isolation. Configure both boundaries before giving the agent an unfamiliar repository. Filesystem limits should cover reading and modifying files; network limits should block exfiltration and unapproved downloads. Credentials should remain outside paths the agent can read, and any required secret should be narrowly scoped and short-lived.
Practical operating pattern
- Open the repository with no network and read-only access for inspection.
- Grant write access only to the project and a disposable output directory.
- Enable network through an enforced proxy or equivalent domain control only for a documented dependency or service.
- Run tests that execute third-party scripts only after checking their inputs, outputs, and network needs.
- Disable the temporary exception and rotate credentials after the task.
If the host cannot provide the required sandbox primitives, place the agent inside a container or development container and treat that container as the outer boundary. A container reduces host exposure, but it does not make broad credentials safe: a mounted key, Docker socket, or privileged agent mode can still grant consequential control.
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When is Docker Sandbox a useful fallback?
Docker Sandboxes can run agents such as Claude Code with sbx run. The project directory is the workspace exception, and the sandbox has a selectable network policy. Docker’s Claude Code guidance also covers project-level configuration and stored secrets. Use this approach when the host operating system cannot supply the required isolation primitives or when a reproducible outer boundary is operationally easier.
Container setup decisions
- Workspace mount: mount only the repository and required build directories; avoid mounting the whole home directory.
- Network mode: choose the most restrictive policy that supports the task, then allow only named destinations.
- Secrets: inject a dedicated secret through the container’s secret mechanism rather than writing it into the project or image.
- Privileges: avoid privileged mode and host-control sockets unless the operator explicitly accepts trusted-container risk.
- Persistence: make the container disposable when possible so temporary files and credentials disappear with the run.
Containerization is a fallback boundary, not a reason to expose broad credentials. Reassess what the agent can reach from inside the container and what the container can control on the host.
What should the network allowlist contain?
Allowlist destinations by function and exact host. A dependency install may need one package registry; an API integration may need one service endpoint; documentation retrieval may need a separate documentation host. Avoid broad wildcards when a specific hostname works.
| Task | Filesystem access | Network access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Code review or static analysis | Workspace read-only | Disabled | Use cached dependencies and local documentation. |
| Implementation and tests | Workspace read/write; build cache as needed | Disabled initially | Add network only after a failed offline step identifies a dependency. |
| Package installation | Workspace read/write; package cache write | One approved registry through the proxy | Keep local-network access off unless the registry is internal. |
| API integration | Workspace read/write; credentials denied | Named API host only | Inject a dedicated environment credential, not a general application key. |
| Untrusted repository execution | Disposable workspace; unrelated paths denied | Disabled or tightly allowlisted | Prefer a container when host prerequisites are unavailable. |
Record why each host is needed and remove it when the step ends. A domain allowlist is not a substitute for validating TLS, package integrity, or the code being executed; it simply narrows where the process may connect.
How should credentials be handled inside a sandbox?
Assume that any credential visible to the agent can be copied into logs, generated files, or an allowed network request. Keep broad application keys, personal SSH keys, browser tokens, and cloud configuration outside readable paths. Use environment or secret injection only for the one operation that needs it, restrict its permissions to that operation, and set an expiration or rotation procedure.
Safer credential checklist
- Create a separate key for the sandboxed task with only environment or session permissions.
- Do not place secrets in the repository, dotfiles, shell history, command arguments, or build artifacts.
- Mask secret values in logs and disable verbose tracing while the credential is present.
- Prevent the agent from reading the host’s credential directories with explicit deny rules.
- Revoke or rotate the key after a run that accessed untrusted code or unexpected hosts.
If a tool requires a host credential that cannot be narrowed, move the operation to a manually supervised step outside the autonomous run instead of weakening every other control.
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How do approvals complement a sandbox?
Approvals provide a human decision point for actions outside the configured boundary; they do not replace the boundary. Keep approval prompts for path expansion, policy changes, shell escapes, privileged commands, and network destinations not already allowlisted. Review the exact command and files involved before approving, because an approval can intentionally override the safety assumptions used for the rest of the run.
Use separate phases when possible: inspect, implement, fetch dependencies, and publish. Each phase can have a narrower policy than one long session, reducing the time that a write permission, network exception, or credential remains active.
What are common configuration failures and how do I fix them?
The agent can edit files outside the project
Check whether the current working directory is broader than intended or whether a parent directory was granted read/write access. Narrow the working directory, add explicit denies for sensitive descendants, and inspect the effective policy rather than only the source configuration.
Domain rules appear to do nothing
Confirm that the network proxy or domain-filter feature is active. A network-enabled permission without an enforced proxy can allow direct outbound connections that bypass the allowlist. Disable networking while diagnosing, then re-enable it with the proxy and exact hosts.
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A build fails because a cache is missing
Do not grant the entire home directory. Add the specific cache path as read-only, or create a disposable cache inside the workspace with write access. If a package must be downloaded, allow only its registry for the duration of the install.
The agent cannot reach an internal service
Public-network permission and local-network permission are separate. Enable local-network access only for the named internal host or range, keep other private destinations blocked, and confirm that DNS and certificate validation still work inside the sandbox.
Host sandbox prerequisites fail
Use a container or development container as an outer boundary, mount only the project, select a restrictive network policy, and reassess every credential and host socket exposed to the container. Do not compensate by granting the agent unrestricted host access.
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The following comparison focuses on control semantics rather than product performance. Where a platform’s default is not established, treat it as a setting to verify before execution.
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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems| Environment | Network control | Filesystem semantics | Approvals | Host prerequisites | Container required? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Codex permission profiles | network.enabled permits command networking; domain enforcement requires the network proxy |
Read-only or workspace-write profiles; approval governs boundary crossings | Integrated approval flow | Linux uses mechanisms including bubblewrap and seccomp; verify platform support | No, unless host primitives are unavailable |
| VS Code agent sandboxing | allowNetwork, allowLocalNetwork, and allowed/denied domains |
deniedPaths overrides readonlyPaths, which overrides readwritePaths; working directory is automatically read/write |
Use the editor’s approval controls and inspect with /sandbox policy where supported |
OS-level sandbox support | No |
| Claude Code sandboxing | Configure network isolation alongside filesystem isolation; exact default is not stated | Limit readable and writable paths; keep credentials outside them | Use interactive approval for exceptions | Depends on host sandbox primitives | Optional fallback |
| Docker Sandbox | Selectable sandbox network policy | Project directory is the workspace exception; other mounts are explicit | Container and agent controls operate together | Docker runtime | Yes, by design |
Across all four approaches, the durable rule is the same: narrow filesystem grants, disabled networking by default, enforced host filtering when networking is needed, and credentials that are both dedicated and short-lived.
What should I verify before running an untrusted repository?
- The working directory contains only the intended project.
- Write access is limited to the project and named build or temporary directories.
- Credentials, browser data, SSH keys, and unrelated home-directory paths are denied.
- Network is disabled, or the proxy is active with an exact allowlist.
- Local-network access is disabled unless a named internal dependency requires it.
- Approval prompts remain enabled for boundary crossings and policy changes.
- The effective policy shows the expected precedence and automatic exceptions.
- The agent is not running with privileged container mode or host-control sockets.
- Any injected credential is task-scoped, masked, and scheduled for rotation.
- A recovery plan exists: stop the run, revoke the credential, remove generated artifacts, and review logs.
These checks turn sandboxing from a one-time toggle into an operational control. Re-evaluate the policy whenever the repository, build system, network dependency, or credential set changes.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can a sandbox prevent a malicious package from harming the host?
It can reduce the package’s reach, but it cannot guarantee safety if the agent has privileged access, host sockets, broad mounts, or readable credentials. Run untrusted installation scripts with a disposable workspace and restrictive network policy, and use a container when the host sandbox primitives are unavailable.
Should I give an agent access to my entire home directory for convenience?
No. Broad home-directory access exposes unrelated documents, credential stores, and configuration that a prompt injection could search. Mount only the project and narrowly required caches, then explicitly deny sensitive subdirectories.
Is disabling the public internet enough to block data exfiltration?
Not necessarily. An agent may still reach localhost or private-network services if local-network access is enabled, and a misconfigured proxy can leave direct outbound access open. Check both public and local network switches and verify the effective destination policy.
What should I do after an agent unexpectedly accessed a protected path?
Stop the run, preserve the relevant logs, revoke or rotate any credential that was visible, and inspect generated files and outbound connections. Correct the path precedence or working-directory exception, then rerun in a disposable environment with a read-only policy first.
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