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AI data centers run on electricity, not directly on natural gas or oil. Servers, networking, storage and cooling all draw power; the fuels involved depend mainly on how the electricity is generated, and on whether a facility has its own generation. Natural gas is already a significant part of the supply mix serving data centers. Oil’s role is less clear: the International Energy Agency (IEA) analysis cited here does not give a reliable oil-specific share for data-center electricity, so a precise percentage cannot be stated.
The scale is growing. IEA estimates put global data-center electricity use at about 415 terawatt-hours (TWh) in 2024, around 1.5% of the world’s electricity consumption, and project about 945 TWh in 2030 in a base case. Those are global data-center figures, not a separate measurement of AI alone.
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Electricity powers the equipment inside an AI data center. The servers that train and run AI models use it, as do networking and storage equipment and the systems that cool the building. The electricity may arrive through the local grid, come from onsite generation, or be supplied through a combination of the two.
That distinction matters when asking whether a data center “uses gas” or “uses oil.” A facility connected to the grid consumes electricity; the fuels burned to generate that power are upstream of the facility and depend on the region’s electricity mix. A data center with onsite generation may burn fuel directly to make electricity at or near the site. Those are different routes from fuel to computing, and neither should be confused with the electricity the servers consume.
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AI workloads can draw power continuously while also changing quickly as computing activity changes. As demand grows and becomes concentrated in particular locations, data centers can increase pressure on local power systems and face delays getting grid connections. A global energy figure therefore describes the overall scale, but does not tell a local community exactly which plant will serve a particular facility.
How much electricity do data centers use?
The IEA estimates that data centers worldwide consumed about 415 TWh of electricity in 2024, equivalent to around 1.5% of global electricity use. Its 2030 base-case projection is about 945 TWh. These are estimates and a scenario-based projection, not a guarantee of future demand.
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Keep electricity consumed at data centers separate from the generation used to supply them. In the IEA base case, generation serving data centers rises from 460 TWh in 2024 to more than 1,000 TWh in 2030, while the estimated consumption figures are 415 TWh and 945 TWh, respectively. They describe related but different quantities; presenting the generation figures as the amount used by data centers would blur that distinction.
The IEA also reported 17% growth in global data-center electricity demand and 50% growth in electricity demand from AI-focused data centers in its 2025 analysis. Those figures convey why AI attracts attention in power planning, but they are not a substitute for the global consumption estimate or a forecast of the fuel mix in any one country.
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Does natural gas power AI data centers?
Natural gas does supply a substantial share of the electricity serving data centers, although that does not mean every facility burns gas onsite. In the IEA’s 2025 analysis, gas supplied about 26% of current global data-center electricity; for the United States, the IEA reported a share of over 40% in 2024. These are different geographies and should not be treated as interchangeable.
Gas-fired plants can provide dispatchable generation: their output can be adjusted to help meet electricity demand. That characteristic is relevant to data centers with large, steady loads and to power systems balancing supply and demand. The fuel may be burned at a grid-connected power station rather than at the data center itself.
Some projects are also pursuing onsite natural-gas generation where a grid connection is slow. The IEA’s 2026 estimate describes possible onsite gas capacity serving data centers of 15–27 gigawatts by 2030, mostly in the United States. This is a possible capacity range, not a statement that all of that capacity is already built, will be built, or will supply every data center.
Onsite generation can change where electricity is produced and how a facility obtains power, but it does not make the computing load disappear. Nor does the existence of proposed gas capacity establish the mix of electricity consumed by all data centers. Grid-supplied electricity and onsite generation need to be considered separately.
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Do AI data centers run on oil?
The available IEA figures cited here do not establish a reliable oil-specific share of electricity used by data centers. They provide shares for natural gas and renewables, among other sources, but do not support assigning oil a percentage. It would therefore be misleading to claim that oil supplies a specific fraction of AI data-center power on this evidence.
Oil’s possible role must be distinguished from routine electricity generation. A claim that a facility has fuel available for contingency backup would not, by itself, show that oil is a substantial source of the electricity it uses in normal operation. The evidence here does not quantify an oil contribution to routine data-center electricity or provide a reliable measure of oil used for backup. Treat those as separate questions rather than inferring a normal operating share from a backup-fuel claim.
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1Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches2Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems3Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteFor a direct comparison, the evidence supports detailed percentages for electricity supply from natural gas and renewables, but not an oil percentage. Oil-specific claims need a separate, suitably scoped source that identifies the facility or region, the type of use, and the period measured.
How much of the additional demand could renewables meet?
In its 2025 analysis, the IEA projects that renewables will meet about half of additional data-center demand through 2035. This refers to additional demand over that period, not half of all electricity consumed by data centers today and not a promise that every new facility will run on renewables.
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The same analysis identifies natural gas and nuclear as major sources of firm-generation additions. The projected contribution of each source depends on how power systems develop; it should not be read as a uniform mix across countries or as a facility-level guarantee. Renewable availability, transmission, storage and the timing of grid connections vary by region, as do the options for firm generation.
Consequently, a data center’s electricity use alone does not reveal its emissions or its fuel mix. Those depend on how its electricity is supplied and the generation mix in the relevant place and period. The global renewables projection describes a broad outlook, not the power contract or actual supply behind an individual server.
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A global share averages electricity use across places. Data-center demand, by contrast, can be concentrated in a particular area, and AI facilities can be increasingly power-dense. That concentration can make local grid capacity and connection timing a constraint even when data centers account for a modest fraction of worldwide electricity use.
Power planning has to address more than the annual amount of electricity. A facility needs a connection capable of delivering power where and when its equipment requires it. If the grid connection is delayed, onsite generation is one option some projects are pursuing; if it is available, the facility can draw from the grid. The available data does not establish one standard solution or timetable for all locations.
One IEA 2026 comparison helps illustrate the density of demand: the peak demand of one advanced AI server rack in 2027 is estimated at roughly that of 65 households. This is an approximate peak-demand equivalent for a rack, not an annual energy comparison and not a claim that one rack uses the same amount of electricity as 65 households over a year. It highlights why local power delivery can matter independently of a global annual total.
What should readers look for in claims about AI power and fossil fuels?
When a claim says AI data centers “use gas” or “use oil,” check whether it is describing electricity generation for the grid, onsite generation, or contingency backup. Those refer to different uses and can produce very different impressions of a fuel’s role.
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- Check the geography and year. The IEA’s global natural-gas share is about 26% in its 2025 analysis; its U.S. figure is over 40% for 2024. One does not replace the other.
- Check the quantity. Electricity consumed by data centers is not the same measure as the generation serving them. The IEA’s 2024 and 2030 figures use both measures.
- Check whether a figure is observed or projected. The 945 TWh global consumption figure is a 2030 base-case projection, while the 415 TWh figure is the 2024 estimate.
- Check whether a number describes AI or all data centers. The 415 TWh and 945 TWh figures are for data centers globally, not AI alone.
- Do not assume an oil share. The IEA analysis cited here does not give one; a source must specify what oil use it measures before a percentage is meaningful.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does an AI model use electricity when nobody is prompting it?
Data-center electricity demand includes equipment and supporting systems, not just the computation for a particular user request. The global figures cited here do not separate idle capacity from active AI work, so they cannot tell you how much electricity a specific model uses between prompts.
Does the global 1.5% figure mean AI alone uses 1.5% of electricity?
No. The IEA’s 1.5% estimate is for all data centers’ share of global electricity consumption in 2024. It does not isolate AI workloads.
Can a data center claim renewable power while drawing electricity from the grid?
A facility’s supply arrangement and the generation mix serving the grid are distinct questions. The IEA’s projection that renewables meet about half of additional demand through 2035 is a system-wide outlook, not evidence about a particular facility’s supply.
Is the 65-household comparison an estimate of a server rack’s yearly use?
No. The IEA comparison is an approximate equivalent for peak demand of one advanced AI server rack in 2027. It compares peak power, not annual electricity consumption.
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