As of 20 October 2026, no mainstream Bitcoin mainnet wallet is officially documented as creating and verifying post-quantum signatures. Bitcoin Core, Electrum and the hardware wallets commonly used with them still sign ordinary Bitcoin transactions with the network’s existing ECDSA or Schnorr-based rules. BIP-360 and BIP-361 describe proposed migration mechanisms, not activated retail-wallet features.
One project, BTQ Core (also called Bitcoin Quantum), documents Dilithium keys and BIP-360-style addresses on its own testnet or alternative network. That is an experimental network, not a way to spend ordinary BTC on Bitcoin mainnet. The practical answer for holders is therefore to understand key exposure, avoid unnecessary public-key reuse and watch for an actual Bitcoin consensus upgrade rather than buying a “quantum-safe” label from a wallet vendor.
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The short answer: there is no documented quantum-safe Bitcoin wallet for mainnet
A wallet is only post-quantum for Bitcoin if it can create valid transactions using a post-quantum signature scheme that Bitcoin nodes accept and verify. Bitcoin mainnet does not currently have an activated post-quantum signature mechanism. A wallet interface, encrypted seed, secure element or hardware signing device cannot change that protocol fact.
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Consequently, calling a conventional wallet “quantum resistant” because it is offline, hardware-based or open source is misleading. Those properties can improve theft resistance, operational security or recovery, but they do not replace the elliptic-curve signatures required by today’s Bitcoin consensus rules.
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The status of the principal options is:
| Wallet or implementation | What is documented | What that means for quantum resistance |
|---|---|---|
| Bitcoin Core | Conventional Bitcoin wallet and node software; no activated BIP-360 path or post-quantum signature support is identified in its official supported-BIP material. | Not a post-quantum wallet today. |
| Electrum | SPV verification, seed recovery, multisig and hardware-wallet integration are documented; no official post-quantum signing claim is documented. | Conventional Bitcoin wallet, not demonstrated to be quantum resistant. |
| Ledger, Trezor or KeepKey used through Electrum | Hardware signing and custody workflows are supported. | Hardware protection does not equal post-quantum Bitcoin signatures. |
| Other wallets listed in the Bitcoin wallet directory | Most are conventional desktop, mobile or hardware wallets; the directory does not identify post-quantum signature support. | Assume unsupported unless the vendor publishes precise protocol details. |
| BTQ Core / Bitcoin Quantum | Documentation describes Dilithium keys, wallet RPC operations and BIP-360-style P2MR addresses on a testnet or separate network. | Experimental alternative implementation; not ordinary Bitcoin mainnet BTC. |
Why a wallet cannot solve the problem by itself
Bitcoin transactions are accepted according to network consensus. Every full node must recognize the output type, signature encoding and cryptographic algorithm used by a spend. If a wallet produced a Dilithium, Falcon or SLH-DSA signature in a transaction that current Bitcoin nodes do not understand, those nodes would reject it. The wallet could still display a balance internally, but it would not have created a spendable mainnet transaction.
This is why post-quantum support requires two layers:
- A Bitcoin protocol change: an activated output type and signature-verification rules that miners and nodes enforce.
- Wallet implementation: address generation, key storage, signing, transaction construction, fee estimation, backup and recovery for the new rules.
Until both layers exist on mainnet, a vendor can offer a research wallet or a separate network, but it cannot offer a universally spendable post-quantum Bitcoin balance.
What quantum computers threaten in Bitcoin
Exposed public keys and short-exposure attacks
Bitcoin’s current ECDSA and Schnorr signatures rely on elliptic-curve cryptography. A sufficiently capable fault-tolerant quantum computer could use Shor’s algorithm to derive a private key from a revealed public key. The danger is greatest while coins are being spent: a public key is exposed in the transaction, and an attacker could attempt to derive the private key and race a replacement transaction before confirmation.
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This is commonly called a short-exposure attack. It is different from an attacker having years to analyze a public key that remains visible on-chain. The exact hardware and timing needed for either attack are uncertain, and no such machine is known to be attacking Bitcoin today. The cryptographic risk is nevertheless the reason migration proposals focus on output design and public-key exposure.
Why address reuse matters
Some older Bitcoin outputs reveal a public key immediately. Reusing an address can also leave a public key visible after an earlier spend, giving an attacker a longer window. BIP-360 identifies P2PK outputs and Taproot-related key exposure as long-exposure concerns. It also warns that extended public keys (xpubs) and output descriptors can reveal quantum-vulnerable public-key information even when individual receiving addresses have not yet been spent.
Address rotation reduces exposure but does not make ECDSA or Schnorr post-quantum. It is a risk-reduction practice while the network still uses current signatures, not a substitute for a consensus migration.
What BIP-360 actually proposes
BIP-360 proposes a new output concept called Pay-to-Merkle-Root (P2MR). Its stated design removes Taproot’s key-path spend and places a Merkle root on-chain. The goal is to reduce long-exposure risk by avoiding a directly spendable public key in the output until a script-path spend reveals the information needed for execution.
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The proposal is explicit about its limits: “Full protection of outputs from short exposure attacks may require the introduction of post-quantum signature schemes.” In other words, P2MR is an exposure-reduction building block, not a post-quantum signature algorithm. The proposal further states that combining P2MR with post-quantum schemes could provide comprehensive protection. That combination is a future integration path, not a feature delivered by today’s Bitcoin Core or Electrum releases.
BIP-360 remains a proposal. A proposal does not automatically create a usable address format, activate new consensus rules or make existing wallets compatible. Before treating any wallet as BIP-360-ready, verify all of the following in a vendor’s reproducible documentation:
- Whether the implementation is for Bitcoin mainnet, signet, testnet or a separate chain.
- The exact address encoding and output type it creates.
- The node version and activation mechanism required to validate and spend those outputs.
- Whether signing uses existing ECDSA/Schnorr rules or a named post-quantum algorithm.
- Whether watch-only descriptors, seed recovery and hardware devices can restore the same outputs.
What BIP-361 adds—and what it does not
BIP-361 is a separate migration concept. Its draft describes a process that would follow implementation of a post-quantum output type and eventually sunset legacy ECDSA and Schnorr signatures. The official BIP index labels it informational and draft.
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BTQ Core and Bitcoin Quantum: the experimental exception
BTQ Core, also referred to as Bitcoin Quantum, is the clearest documented example of a wallet implementation using post-quantum-style keys in this material. Its documentation describes Dilithium key operations and wallet RPC commands, along with P2MR-style addresses based on BIP-360 concepts.
Those documents describe a testnet or alternative network. Coins on that network are not interchangeable with BTC held under Bitcoin mainnet consensus. A Dilithium private key generated there cannot sign a standard mainnet transaction, and a mainnet node will not accept an address or transaction merely because the same project uses Bitcoin-like terminology.
Use such software only when you deliberately intend to experiment with that network and understand its separate software, chain history, token value, backup format and security assumptions. Do not transfer mainnet BTC to an unfamiliar experimental address. Confirm the network identifier, genesis chain, node software and recovery procedure before importing any key.
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Hardware wallets protect private keys from many conventional threats: malware can be prevented from directly reading the key, transaction details can be displayed on a trusted screen, and signing can be isolated from an internet-connected computer. None of those controls changes the signature algorithm accepted by Bitcoin.
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When a hardware device signs an ordinary Bitcoin transaction through Electrum or another interface, it still produces the signature required by the current Bitcoin protocol. A vendor would need to publish a complete post-quantum implementation—algorithm, address type, transaction format, firmware support, host-software support and recovery behavior—and the Bitcoin network would need to accept it. Without both, “quantum-secure hardware” is a marketing description of custody protection, not proof of post-quantum Bitcoin spending.
How to evaluate a wallet’s quantum-resistance claim
Use this checklist before trusting a product page or announcement:
- Identify the network. Is the wallet signing Bitcoin mainnet transactions, a testnet, signet or an independent chain?
- Name the algorithm. Look for a specific scheme such as Dilithium/ML-DSA, Falcon or SLH-DSA. “Quantum-proof encryption” without a signature algorithm is not enough.
- Check consensus activation. Find the Bitcoin Improvement Proposal, node release and activation date that make the output spendable by ordinary mainnet nodes.
- Inspect addresses and outputs. The documentation should show the exact address format, script or output type and how a node verifies a spend.
- Test recovery. Determine whether a seed, descriptor or backup restores the same post-quantum keys and whether watch-only software can monitor them.
- Check interoperability. A claim should explain which node versions, fee policies, hardware devices and block explorers recognize the transaction.
- Separate exposure reduction from signatures. P2MR-like hiding, address rotation or encrypted xpub storage can reduce exposure but do not themselves provide post-quantum signatures.
What Bitcoin holders should do now
Use normal security practices
Keep seeds offline, verify transaction destinations on a trusted device, use multisignature arrangements where appropriate and maintain tested backups. These measures address theft, loss and operational failures that exist regardless of quantum computing.
Avoid unnecessary public-key exposure
Do not reuse receiving addresses. Avoid publishing xpubs or descriptors beyond the systems that genuinely need them, and treat an exposed extended public key as sensitive metadata even though it cannot spend coins by itself. When a wallet offers address rotation, enable it while understanding that rotation is not a post-quantum guarantee.
Track protocol-level developments
Watch Bitcoin Core release notes, the BIP process and announcements from wallet vendors for an activated output type. A credible migration plan will specify a network-wide activation, transaction verification rules, address format, signing algorithm and recovery path. It will not ask users to send BTC to a private testnet or rely solely on a hardware-wallet badge.
Plan for migration rather than panic
Quantum risk is a protocol-migration problem, not an instruction to replace every wallet immediately. If Bitcoin activates a post-quantum output, users will need to move coins from legacy outputs according to the network’s rules. The timing, fees, eligibility of already exposed outputs and treatment of dormant coins will depend on the final consensus design. Until then, moving funds into an unsupported “quantum” wallet can create an immediate loss risk without improving mainnet security.
Interpreting commonly confused terms
| Term | What it can mean | What it does not prove |
|---|---|---|
| Quantum-resistant wallet | A wallet that uses a post-quantum signature scheme accepted by its target network. | It does not automatically mean Bitcoin mainnet compatibility. |
| Quantum-resistant address | An address tied to an output design intended to reduce public-key exposure or use a post-quantum key. | An address string alone does not prove that nodes can spend it. |
| P2MR | A proposed Pay-to-Merkle-Root output that removes Taproot’s key-path spend. | It is not itself a post-quantum signature algorithm. |
| Hardware wallet | A device that isolates key storage and signing. | It is not automatically quantum resistant. |
| Testnet implementation | Software for experimentation on a non-mainnet chain. | Its keys and coins are not ordinary BTC. |
Bottom line for each major choice
If you use Bitcoin Core or Electrum today, treat the wallet as conventional Bitcoin software, not as post-quantum protection. If you use a Ledger, Trezor or KeepKey through Electrum, treat the device as a custody and signing-security tool, not as evidence that Bitcoin signatures are quantum resistant. If you experiment with BTQ Core, keep the project’s separate-network status explicit and never assume its Dilithium assets can move on Bitcoin mainnet. BIP-360 and BIP-361 are important migration proposals, but neither establishes that a mainstream wallet can currently create post-quantum Bitcoin spends.
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