To start immersion Bitcoin mining, you need more than an ASIC and a tank. A workable installation combines an immersion-compatible SHA-256 miner, correctly sized tank, documented dielectric coolant, circulation pump, heat exchanger, heat-rejection equipment, continuous-duty electrical service, Ethernet controls, and safe lifting, draining and spill-containment gear. Every component must be sized as one thermal and electrical system.
The equipment an immersion-mining system requires
1. An immersion-ready ASIC miner
Begin with a server designed and specified for immersion, or obtain written documentation for any conversion. The miner determines the tank dimensions, oil temperature, coolant flow, voltage, phase, cable arrangement and heat load.
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| Miner example | Hash rate | Typical power | Electrical input | Cooling requirements |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BITMAIN S21 Imm. (normal-energy mode) | 239 TH/s | 3,824 W at 30 °C inlet oil | 380–415 V, three-phase; maximum input 12 A | 30–55 °C inlet oil; 1 m³/h coolant flow per server |
| BITMAIN S21 Imm. (high-energy mode) | 301 TH/s | 5,569 W at 30 °C inlet oil | 380–415 V, three-phase; maximum input 12 A | 30–55 °C inlet oil; 1 m³/h coolant flow per server |
| Standard air-cooled S21 | 200 TH/s | 3,500 W at 25 °C | 220–277 V | Not an immersion specification |
The standard air-cooled S21 is a separate product. Do not submerge it simply because an immersion version exists: conversion may require hardware changes, the exact model may have different connectors and seals, and warranty coverage can change. Verify the model-specific manual before buying a tank or fluid.
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2. A purpose-built tank or immersion enclosure
The enclosure must fit the miner length, width, height and cable exits while leaving room for fluid circulation and safe lifting. Its structure must support the combined mass of the tank, oil and servers; a household aquarium is not an equivalent substitute.
Check the lid or access opening, internal rack, drain point, sight glass, seals, pipe connections and service clearance. The tank’s continuous heat-dissipation rating must exceed the miners’ combined electrical input plus the pump and control heat that ultimately enters the fluid loop.
Published MIDAS ASICE 2.0 configurations illustrate the scale involved: versions are listed for up to 150 kW of heat dissipation, as many as 32 S19 miners, 120–215 gallons of liquid and 2-inch NPT water connections. Those systems specify a 480 V three-phase cooling module. The figures are configuration examples, not a universal requirement for a home installation.
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The Open Compute Project treats the tank, cooling-distribution unit, fluid, power distribution and hardware-management requirements as separate parts of an immersion system. Use the same discipline when making a small build: a tank purchase alone does not define the rest of the installation.
3. Documented dielectric coolant
Use a fluid intended and documented for electronics immersion. A dielectric fluid must electrically insulate energized components while transferring heat and remaining compatible with seals, plastics, cable jackets, pump parts and exchanger materials.
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The SLIC immersion primer identifies BitCool BC-888 for ASIC-based currency-mining equipment and describes both open and closed tanks with single-loop or dual-loop heat exchangers. BITMAIN’s S21 Imm. manual recommends immersion oil with a minimum 155 °C flash point and requires at least 1 m³/h current velocity per server. Confirm the fluid’s specification, flash point, viscosity, operating temperature and compatibility documentation before filling the tank.
Do not substitute cooking oil, automotive oil or an unverified household liquid. Those products may contain additives, absorb moisture, attack seals, oxidize rapidly or have unsuitable fire characteristics. Shell reports that its Immersion Cooling Fluid S3 X completed the industry-recommended 500-hour ageing test without early oxidation signs; that result describes the tested fluid and procedure, not every oil on the market.
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Plan for fluid storage, transfer and eventual disposal. Keep containers sealed and labelled, and provide a clean way to filter or remove contaminated fluid without introducing water or debris into the tank.
4. Pump, plumbing and fluid-management hardware
Single-phase immersion normally circulates warm dielectric fluid from the tank through a heat exchanger and back again. The loop requires a pump selected for the fluid’s viscosity, temperature and required flow, along with tubing or hard pipe, compatible valves, fittings, gaskets and seals.
- Size flow for the miner manufacturer’s requirement; the S21 Imm. specification is 1 m³/h per server.
- Install temperature sensors on the tank and supply/return lines.
- Provide a filter or a defined contamination-control and fluid-change procedure.
- Add isolation valves so the pump, exchanger and tank can be serviced independently.
- Include a drain, transfer pump or recovery connection that can move the full fluid volume safely.
A turnkey Fog Hashing C2 package demonstrates the component pattern for two S19/S21-series rigs: tank, dry cooler, electric oil-filling pump, dielectric-fluid tubing, gaskets, lifting handles and fan simulators. Whether components are bundled or purchased separately, verify that the pump, pipework and seals are rated for the chosen fluid and continuous duty.
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5. Heat exchanger and heat rejection
Mining electricity becomes heat. The warm dielectric fluid must transfer that heat to outdoor air, facility water or a useful heat load. A heat exchanger separates the electronics fluid from the secondary loop; a dry cooler, radiator, chiller, cooling tower or building-heating circuit then rejects or uses the heat.
Trane describes a single-phase arrangement in which dielectric fluid passes through a heat exchanger to a facility cooling loop connected to chillers, dry coolers or cooling towers. The same heat can be redirected for facility heating when a suitable load exists. For a small installation, a dry cooler may be simpler than a chiller, but it still needs capacity at the local outdoor design temperature, not merely at mild test conditions.
Exchanger selection must account for continuous miner wattage, inlet and outlet temperatures, flow, approach temperature, altitude and the hottest expected outdoor conditions. Hayden documents systems tested with Antminer S17 Pro/S19 Pro and Whatsminer M31 hardware; use the actual miner and environmental conditions rather than copying a rating from a different configuration.
Cooling equipment consumes electricity. Add the dry-cooler fans, pump, controls and any chiller or tower load to the site’s service calculation.
6. Electrical service and distribution
Size the electrical system for continuous operation. Count every miner at its selected power mode, then add pumps, controls, fans, dry coolers, chillers and lighting. A single S21 Imm. can draw either 3,824 W or 5,569 W in the published modes, before auxiliary equipment is included.
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- Confirm that the available service has the required voltage and number of phases. The S21 Imm. calls for 380–415 V three-phase input.
- Use correctly rated breakers, disconnects, conductors, receptacles, panelboards and PDUs.
- Provide equipment grounding and bonding for the tank, piping and electrical enclosures.
- Design for continuous-duty ampacity, fault current, ambient temperature and local electrical code.
- Install an accessible emergency disconnect that isolates the miners and cooling equipment.
Have a licensed electrician perform the final design. Applying the wrong input voltage can damage BITMAIN equipment, and a service that can start a miner briefly may still be unsuitable for uninterrupted operation.
7. Ethernet networking and controls
Each ASIC needs Ethernet connectivity to a mining pool and a local management interface. Provide a network switch, short patch cables rated for the environment and a controller or management computer that can reach the miners reliably.
Tank controls should monitor supply and return temperature, fluid level, flow, pump status and alarms. MIDAS lists analog, SNMP, SNTP, Modbus and DHCP options for ASICE 2.0 systems. Choose protocols that your monitoring platform can record and that can trigger a controlled shutdown when flow or temperature leaves its safe range.
8. Handling, containment and personal-protection equipment
Immersion equipment is heavy, awkward and difficult to service when filled. Before delivery, calculate the filled-tank mass and floor loading; check the route through doors and stairs, lifting equipment, lid clearance, cable reach and the time required to drain the tank. These logistics are part of the equipment plan, not an afterthought.
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- Install a bund, spill pallet or other containment sized for the possible fluid release.
- Keep labelled storage and transfer containers available.
- Provide ventilation appropriate to the selected fluid and its safety documentation.
- Keep suitable fire protection nearby and maintain clear access to electrical isolation.
- Use heat-resistant gloves when handling hot oil or recently removed servers.
- Ground the tank and follow the miner and fluid manufacturer’s handling instructions.
How the complete system works
The ASIC converts electrical energy into computation and heat. Dielectric fluid surrounds the energized hardware, absorbs that heat and is moved by the pump through the primary loop. The heat exchanger transfers energy to a secondary water or air loop, and the dry cooler, radiator, chiller, cooling tower or heat-use load removes it. Sensors and controls maintain the permitted temperature and flow while the network controller manages mining software and alarms.
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This arrangement explains why immersion mining cannot be reduced to “put an ASIC in oil.” Without adequate circulation, the fluid near the chips overheats. Without heat rejection, the entire tank temperature rises. Without electrical distribution sized for continuous load, breakers, conductors or connectors can become the limiting hazard.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.A practical sizing procedure before you buy
- Select the exact miner and operating mode. Record its dimensions, voltage, phase, maximum current, power at the intended mode, oil-temperature range and required flow from the current manual.
- Calculate the heat load. Treat miner watts as heat watts. Add pump, control and heat-rejection loads that enter the relevant loop, then apply the tank and exchanger manufacturer’s continuous-duty rating.
- Choose the tank configuration. Confirm rack spacing, fluid volume, access opening, drain arrangement, pipe sizes and maximum heat-dissipation rating.
- Match the fluid. Obtain a technical data sheet and compatibility information for the tank, pump, seals, cables and exchanger. Confirm flash point and operating-temperature limits.
- Design the primary loop. Select a pump and pipework that deliver the required flow at operating temperature, including pressure drop through filters, valves and the exchanger.
- Design heat rejection. Pick a dry cooler, radiator, chiller, tower or heat-reuse load for the hottest local design condition and the required approach temperature. Include redundancy if downtime or overheating would be costly.
- Verify the electrical service. Add all continuous loads, confirm voltage and phase, and have a licensed electrician specify protection, grounding, disconnects and conductor sizes.
- Plan installation and emergency actions. Confirm floor loading, lifting, spill containment, ventilation, fire protection, leak detection, drainage and automatic shutdown behavior before filling the tank.
Choosing between common equipment approaches
| Decision | Option A | Option B | What to verify |
|---|---|---|---|
| Miner | Factory immersion-ready ASIC | Converted air-cooled ASIC | Physical fit, oil temperature, flow, seals, fan removal, firmware and warranty terms |
| Heat rejection | Dry cooler or radiator | Facility-water loop, chiller, tower or heat-reuse circuit | Continuous capacity at design conditions, water quality, parasitic power and freeze protection |
| Tank layout | Open tank | Closed tank | Ventilation, fluid exposure, service access, lid clearance and spill control |
| Cooling loop | Single loop | Dual loop with an intermediate exchanger | Fluid compatibility, isolation, exchanger approach temperature and maintenance access |
| Controls | Local controller | Networked monitoring using SNMP, Modbus or similar | Temperature, flow, level, alarms, time synchronization and shutdown integration |
What a sensible first installation looks like
One or two miners
For a small installation, use an immersion-ready ASIC, a purpose-built single-phase tank, the approved dielectric fluid, a compatible pump and exchanger package, and a dry cooler or heat-reuse loop. A bundled two-miner system can reduce integration work, but check its published heat capacity, fluid volume, electrical requirements and included controls against your specific miners.
A home dry cooler is feasible only when the outdoor location, noise, airflow, electrical service, structural support and local code permit it. The cooler must reject the miners’ continuous heat in the hottest expected weather; a unit that works on a cool day is not proof of year-round capacity.
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For multiple servers, sum the continuous miner wattage and size tanks, pumps, exchangers, dry-cooler banks and electrical distribution accordingly. The published ASICE 2.0 range up to 150 kW and 32 S19 miners shows how quickly a system moves from workshop equipment to facility infrastructure. At that scale, include redundant pumps or cooling capacity, networked alarms, service aisles, fluid-transfer procedures and a documented shutdown plan.
Common mistakes and how to avoid them
- Buying the tank first: Select the exact ASIC and operating mode before sizing volume, rack space and heat rejection.
- Using an unverified oil: Require electronics-immersion documentation, flash point data and materials-compatibility information.
- Ignoring auxiliary loads: Add pumps, fans, chillers, controllers and network equipment to both thermal and electrical calculations.
- Assuming voltage is interchangeable: Match the miner’s specified voltage and phase; do not adapt a 380–415 V three-phase unit to an unsuitable service.
- Under-sizing for summer: Check dry-cooler performance at the local design temperature and account for fouled coils, altitude and airflow restrictions.
- Skipping handling plans: Determine filled mass, lifting points, drain time and spill containment before the tank arrives.
- Running with inadequate flow: Interlock the miner or controller to a flow alarm so a stopped pump cannot leave energized hardware operating in stagnant hot fluid.
Is immersion cooling worth it for one miner?
Immersion can simplify heat capture, reduce reliance on high-speed air fans and create a path for heat reuse, but it adds a tank, fluid, pump, exchanger, controls, lifting requirements and maintenance tasks. For one miner, compare the complete installed cost and complexity with the available electrical service, acceptable noise, outdoor cooling conditions and whether the recovered heat has a real use. No universal payback period or guaranteed profitability improvement follows from immersion alone; those outcomes depend on electricity price, mining revenue, uptime, hardware cost, fluid and cooling parasitics, and the value of recovered heat.
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