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Short answer: Greenland does not apply one blanket environmental-impact-assessment rule to every exploration permit. Oil and gas licensing starts with a regional Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA) before a new licensing area is opened. Each proposed hydrocarbon activity is then screened by the Environmental Agency for Mineral Resource Activities (EAMRA) through a pre-scope, which can lead to a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or a narrower Environmental Mitigation Assessment (EMA).
Mineral exploration is generally handled at the permit and field-activity stage. The application may receive environmental conditions or require an assessment, but the statutory, approved EIA gate is principally tied to mineral exploitation and major associated facilities. A project expected to have significant social effects also needs an approved Social Impact Assessment (SIA), increasingly called a Social Sustainability Assessment (SSA), before an exploitation licence can be granted.
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The review required depends on the activity and its stage
“Exploration” covers very different activities in Greenland: desktop work, temporary camps, drilling, sampling, geochemical testing, offshore seismic surveys and other field operations. “Exploitation” means developing and operating a mine or a major hydrocarbon project. Greenland’s authorities screen those stages differently, so the answer to “Do I need an EIA?” depends on what you will do, where, and how significant the effects could be.
| Project stage | Oil and gas | Minerals |
|---|---|---|
| Opening a new licensing area | A regional SEIA must be completed before a new hydrocarbon exploration or exploitation licensing area is opened. | No single area-wide rule is identified in the reviewed official material; environmental review is tied to the relevant permit and project. |
| Proposed exploration activity | The operator submits a pre-scope to EAMRA. Significant risks can trigger a full EIA; limited effects may be managed through an EMA. | Exploration and field-activity applications may receive an environmental assessment, decision or conditions. This is not automatically the exploitation EIA. |
| Exploitation and major facilities | An activity EIA is required where significant environmental effects are possible, and covered activities need approval before proceeding. | An approved EIA is required for mineral exploitation and major associated facilities, subject to stated small-scale or unlicensed exceptions in the governing legislation. |
| Significant social effects | The environmental screening material does not establish a single hydrocarbon SIA rule; project-specific social requirements should be confirmed with the authorities. | An approved SIA/SSA is required before an exploitation licence when significant social impacts are expected. |
| Public participation | Consultation is part of the EAMRA process applicable to the activity and its assessment. | EIA pre-consultation lasts 35 days. SIA draft terms of reference are consulted for 35 days and the draft SIA report for eight weeks. |
Oil and gas: how the SEIA, pre-scope, EIA and EMA fit together
1. Regional SEIA before a licensing round
Before Greenland opens a new area for hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation licensing rounds, a regional Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment must be in place. The SEIA is not the approval for one company’s drilling program. It is a strategic, area-level review used to understand whether licensing an area is environmentally appropriate and what constraints should shape later activities.
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The Government of Greenland describes the SEIA as covering the region’s physical and biological environment, protected areas, endangered species and pollutants. Those baseline issues are important because a later activity assessment must be interpreted in the context of the area’s existing sensitivities, rather than treating a proposed well or survey as an isolated project.
2. The operator’s pre-scope
Once an operator proposes a specific activity, it sends EAMRA a pre-scope. The pre-scope is the screening step that determines the depth of review needed for that proposal. It should identify the activity, location, methods, timing, expected emissions or discharges, use of vessels or aircraft, camps and other facilities, and the environmental receptors that could be affected.
The pre-scope does not replace the regional SEIA. The SEIA concerns the licensing area; the pre-scope concerns the operator’s particular work program. A new activity can therefore require a project-level review even though an area-wide SEIA already exists.
3. When the result is an EIA or an EMA
EAMRA uses the pre-scope to decide whether the proposed activity could create significant environmental effects. If significant effects are possible, the activity proceeds to a full Environmental Impact Assessment. If effects are minor or limited, EAMRA may allow the work to be handled through an Environmental Mitigation Assessment.
An EMA is not a finding that environmental obligations disappear. It is a proportionate route for activities whose effects can be controlled with defined measures. The resulting conditions can address matters such as operating seasons, vessel movements, waste, fuel handling, noise, spill prevention, wildlife protection, monitoring and restoration. The exact requirements depend on the site and activity.
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4. Hydrocarbon exploitation
The environmental approval gate becomes more formal as a project moves toward production. The Mineral Resources Act text identified by EAMRA states that licences and approvals for hydrocarbon exploitation require an approved EIA report. The same provision covers mineral exploitation, major related facilities and certain subsoil or energy uses, with stated exceptions for some small-scale or unlicensed mineral activities.
In practical terms, an exploration permit should not be treated as permission to build and operate a production installation. A production project must demonstrate, through the applicable EIA and approval, how it will avoid, reduce, monitor and manage significant effects.
Mineral exploration: what is required before a mine EIA
Exploration is usually permit-stage environmental work
For mineral exploration, environmental review is normally integrated into the application for the relevant licence or field activity. The application can result in environmental conditions or a separate environmental decision. Those conditions may govern access routes, drilling pads, camp locations, fuel and chemical storage, waste, water use, wildlife disturbance, rehabilitation and reporting.
This permit-stage assessment is not automatically the same statutory approval as the EIA required for a mine. Early exploration can be limited in scale and duration, while exploitation involves permanent infrastructure, processing, roads, ports, power systems, tailings or other major facilities. Greenland’s framework distinguishes those risk profiles instead of requiring the full exploitation process for every reconnaissance activity.
Activities that may receive additional scrutiny
EAMRA guidance addresses environmental sampling, geochemical testing and offshore seismic surveys. The method, location and sensitivity of the receiving environment determine what information and safeguards are needed. An offshore survey, for example, may require controls related to marine mammals, timing, exclusion zones, vessel operations and monitoring; a land-based drilling program may raise different issues involving permafrost, freshwater, vegetation, archaeological areas or wildlife.
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Applicants should describe the complete field program rather than submitting only the headline activity. Temporary roads, helicopter flights, fuel depots, explosives, water abstraction, waste shipments and camp closure can create impacts even when the drilling or sampling footprint appears small.
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When the EIA is mandatory
When applying to exploit mineral deposits in Greenland, an environmental impact assessment must be carried out. The approved EIA is the principal environmental approval gate for a mine and for major associated facilities. The Mineral Resources Act framework also identifies hydrocarbon exploitation and certain major subsoil or energy uses as activities requiring an approved EIA.
Greenland’s current institutional references identify the 2023 Mineral Activities Act and the 2024 Local Mineral Activities Act as the current mineral-activities laws, transitioning from the former Mineral Resources Act. The English Mineral Resources Act document available from official materials is an unofficial consolidation; legally binding wording is in Greenlandic or Danish. For a live project, the applicant should confirm the applicable provision and any transition rule with EAMRA and the Mineral Resources Authority.
Starting the EIA: project description and terms of reference
For a mineral project moving toward exploitation, the applicant prepares a project description and proposed terms of reference. These documents define the project alternatives, study area, baseline work, impact topics, modelling, mitigation and monitoring that the EIA will cover.
EAMRA requires the project description and terms of reference to enter a digital pre-consultation lasting 35 days on the Government of Greenland’s website. The consultation is an early opportunity for authorities, residents, organisations and other interested parties to identify missing issues before the applicant undertakes the full assessment.
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What the EIA must examine
The assessment must be more than a description of the ore body and mine design. It must examine:
- Expected effects on the physical and biological environment, including sensitive habitats, protected areas and species.
- The project’s climate footprint, including relevant construction, energy, transport and operational emissions.
- Measures to prevent, reduce, remedy or compensate for adverse effects.
- Environmentally friendly technology and best environmental practice.
- Alternatives and the consequences of the proposed schedule, infrastructure and operating methods.
- Monitoring and follow-up that can show whether predicted effects and mitigation measures are working.
The final approval is therefore tied to a management system, not merely to a one-time report. Approved mitigation measures become environmental conditions in the activity authorisation. Breaching those conditions can place the operator in breach of its authorisation even if the original EIA was approved.
Social Impact Assessment and Social Sustainability Assessment
Environmental effects and social effects are related but are assessed through different instruments. Where mineral activity is likely to significantly affect social conditions, the applicant must prepare an SIA. Newer Greenlandic terminology commonly refers to the same type of process as a Social Sustainability Assessment or SSA.
Consultation stages and minimum periods
- Draft terms of reference: The SIA terms of reference are consulted for 35 days.
- Draft SIA report: The draft report is consulted for eight weeks.
- Local engagement: The process includes meetings in affected towns and settlements, not only written comments through a central website.
- Revision and approval: The applicant responds to comments, revises the report and obtains approval before an exploitation licence is granted.
The SIA/SSA can address employment, migration, public services, livelihoods, local business, cultural and social conditions, benefits, risks and mitigation. Its approval is a separate requirement from the environmental EIA when significant social impacts are expected; completing one does not automatically satisfy the other.
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Public participation in an EIA
EIA consultation requires public notice and meetings. The company must prepare a white paper answering questions and comments received during consultation and include that document in the final EIA. This creates a traceable record of how concerns were considered rather than leaving responses in informal correspondence.
Section 130 of the relevant framework allows citizens, non-governmental organisations and others to apply for funding for additional studies and advice concerning a specific mining project. That mechanism can help participants obtain independent technical assistance when the project’s data or impacts are difficult to evaluate.
Who does what?
EAMRA
EAMRA handles environmental aspects and environmental decisions. It conducts hydrocarbon pre-scope screening, determines whether an EIA or EMA is needed, manages mineral-project EIA requirements and reviews environmental sampling, geochemical and offshore-survey issues.
Mineral Resources Authority Licence Department
The Licence Department coordinates licence applications, including feasibility, exploration, field-activity and exploitation applications. It refers cases to EAMRA when an environmental decision or assessment is needed. The licensing authority and EAMRA therefore perform different parts of one permitting pathway: the Licence Department coordinates the licence; EAMRA decides the environmental requirements and conditions.
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The applicant is responsible for accurate project descriptions, baseline studies, impact analysis, consultation materials, mitigation commitments and responses to comments. Once approved, those commitments can become enforceable conditions of the activity authorisation.
Uranium is not eligible for the ordinary exploration pathway
Greenland’s Uranium Act, Parliament Act No. 20 of 1 December 2021, bans uranium prospecting, exploration and exploitation. A uranium proposal therefore cannot proceed through the ordinary mineral exploration, EIA or exploitation-licence route. The prohibition is a substantive legal ban, not an additional environmental-study requirement.
A practical decision checklist for applicants
- Classify the activity: Identify whether the work is reconnaissance, exploration, a field activity, exploitation or a major associated facility.
- Map the location: Check protected areas, endangered species, sensitive habitats, settlements, marine areas and other location-specific constraints.
- Contact the licensing authority: Submit the appropriate application to the Mineral Resources Authority Licence Department and identify the environmental decision needed.
- Engage EAMRA early: For hydrocarbons, prepare the pre-scope. For minerals moving toward exploitation, prepare the project description and terms of reference.
- Plan consultation: Allow 35 days for mineral EIA pre-consultation, 35 days for draft SIA terms of reference and eight weeks for the draft SIA report, in addition to review and revision time.
- Separate environmental and social approvals: Determine whether significant social effects require an SIA/SSA as well as an EIA.
- Build conditions into operations: Treat approved mitigation, monitoring and reporting measures as authorisation conditions, not optional recommendations.
- Verify current law and permit terms: Confirm the activity’s status, offshore or onshore setting, scale, protected-area context and applicable transition provisions directly with EAMRA and the Mineral Resources Authority.
Common mistakes to avoid
- Assuming every exploration permit needs a full EIA: Mineral exploration can instead receive permit-stage environmental conditions or an assessment; the full EIA gate is principally linked to exploitation and major facilities.
- Assuming an SEIA approves drilling: The SEIA is regional and strategic. A proposed hydrocarbon activity still requires pre-scope screening and any resulting EIA or EMA.
- Calling an EMA an exemption: An EMA is a proportionate assessment for limited effects and can still produce binding mitigation requirements.
- Leaving support activities out of the project description: Camps, aircraft, vessels, fuel, roads, waste and closure can materially change the impact profile.
- Treating consultation as a formality: EIA comments must be answered in a white paper, and SIA consultation includes meetings in affected communities.
- Using an old legal translation without checking: Mineral-activities legislation has transitioned to the 2023 and 2024 Acts, while legally binding texts are Greenlandic or Danish.
Bottom line for an exploration proposal
For oil and gas, ask first whether the licensing area has a regional SEIA, then submit the activity pre-scope to EAMRA. The screening result—not the label “exploration” alone—determines whether the work needs an EIA or can proceed with an EMA and conditions. For minerals, expect environmental review and conditions at the exploration-permit stage, but plan for a complete, consulted and approved EIA before exploitation or construction of major associated facilities. Add an SIA/SSA where significant social effects are expected, and remember that uranium activity is prohibited outright.
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