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1Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute2Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors3Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesWeighted round robin (WRR) queuing is a way to share service among multiple queues: a scheduler visits them in a recurring order and serves a chosen amount of data from each nonempty queue. Weights influence each queue’s relative service opportunities, but the precise meaning of a weight depends on the implementation. A weight ratio alone does not promise a fixed delay or a particular realized throughput.
How weighted round robin queuing works
Packets arrive and are assigned to subqueues by a classifier. Depending on the system, classification might use a flow hash, a differentiated services code point (DSCP), or another rule. Packets within a subqueue may be kept in first-in, first-out order.
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When the scheduler needs to transmit, it searches the subqueues in round-robin order. Once it finds a nonempty queue, it removes a specified quantum of data—at least one packet, though the quantum can be larger. It then continues the scheduling process. This is the packet-queueing model described in section 2.2.2 of the IETF’s informational RFC 7806.
What the weights mean
Weights express relative service opportunities according to a scheduler’s own policy. For example, suppose two queues both always have packets waiting, their weights are 2:1, and the implementation gives them equal-sized service opportunities in direct proportion to those weights. Over a scheduling cycle, the first queue would receive about twice as many opportunities as the second. This is an explanatory example, not a guarantee shared by all WRR schedulers.
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Implementations can differ in what they count as service, the size of each quantum, how packet sizes affect a visit, and how they translate weights into a visit pattern. RFC 5356 illustrates one explicit policy in a different setting: when selecting among server-pool elements, it represents each element in a circular list in proportion to its weight divided by the sum of the weights. In that policy, equal weights reduce to ordinary round robin. This server-pool example is about selecting pool members, not transmitting packets.
What WRR does—and does not—guarantee
A weight ratio by itself is not a fixed bandwidth, delay, or throughput guarantee. The IETF’s RFC 4594 explains that packet delay depends on queue parameters and occupancy, as well as on competing queues. A queue whose arrivals remain below its departure rate tends to empty and experience nominal delay; if arrivals meet or exceed its departure rate, it tends to stay occupied and experience greater delay. A scheduler may be configured to impose minimum rates, maximum rates, or both, but those controls are distinct from assuming that weights alone guarantee a particular outcome.
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Queue behavior also depends on whether the scheduler is work-conserving. A work-conserving queue tries to transmit whenever it has data and the interface is available. A non-work-conserving queue may pause even with data waiting—for example, to enforce a cap below the physical interface rate. RFC 7806 describes both types; whether a particular device behaves this way depends on its design and configuration.
How WRR differs from related terms
- Round robin (RR): Queues or other items take ordinary cyclic turns without differentiated weights. In RFC 5356’s server-pool policy, equal weights produce this behavior.
- Weighted fair queuing (WFQ): RFC 4594 discusses WFQ as a rate-based queueing example. WFQ and WRR are not interchangeable names; their behavior depends on the relevant algorithm and implementation.
- Active queue management (AQM): Scheduling chooses which queued traffic gets service. AQM manages queue depth by marking or dropping packets. RFC 4594 identifies Random Early Detection (RED) as a canonical AQM example. A device can use scheduling and AQM together, but they perform different jobs.
Linux CBQ as an implementation example
The Linux tc-cbq(8) manual describes Class Based Queueing (CBQ) as using a weighted round robin process to share a link among classes that have packets waiting, while considering higher-priority classes before lower-priority ones. Classes can also borrow bandwidth from siblings by default, subject to configuration. These are details of this implementation example, not rules that define every WRR scheduler.
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What to check when evaluating a WRR scheduler
To understand what a particular configuration will do, look beyond the weight values. Check:
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- What is being scheduled: packets, bytes, traffic classes, or pool members?
- How does the implementation convert a weight into service opportunities?
- What quantum is served on each visit, and how are different packet sizes handled?
- What happens when a queue is empty, and what happens when it stays backlogged?
- Are minimum or maximum rates enforced separately?
- Can queue occupancy or competing traffic increase delay?
- Do priority or bandwidth-borrowing rules change which queues receive service?
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