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How roles and permissions map to authorities
An authenticated user has a collection of granted authorities. A role is a conventional kind of authority, commonly used for broad groupings such as administrators. A permission-like authority can represent a more specific capability, such as reading invoices or approving a payment. Spring Security ultimately evaluates authority values; the distinction is primarily in the check you write and the naming convention you choose.
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hasRole("ADMIN")applies the defaultROLE_prefix and checks forROLE_ADMIN.hasAuthority("invoice:read")checks for the exact authority stringinvoice:read.
The role prefix is configurable, so ROLE_ is a default convention, not an immutable rule. Choose authority names and role mappings that reflect your application’s policy; Spring Security does not decide what “admin,” “read,” or “approve” should mean.
Restrict HTTP requests with authorizeHttpRequests
For Servlet applications, the current documented DSL is authorizeHttpRequests. It uses AuthorizationManager and AuthorizationFilter. Request matchers are evaluated in declaration order, so put specific rules before broad ones and finish with an intentional fallback.
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@Bean
SecurityFilterChain app(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
http.authorizeHttpRequests(authorize -> authorize
.requestMatchers("/admin/**").hasRole("ADMIN")
.requestMatchers(HttpMethod.GET, "/invoices/**").hasAuthority("invoice:read")
.requestMatchers(HttpMethod.POST, "/invoices/**").hasAuthority("invoice:write")
.anyRequest().denyAll()
);
return http.build();
}This is an illustrative policy, not a complete application configuration. Configure the authentication mechanisms your application needs, and confirm that the matchers and their order cover the intended routes. The .anyRequest().denyAll() fallback rejects requests that do not match an earlier rule; if an application instead needs a different fallback, state that policy explicitly rather than leaving unmatched routes ambiguous. See the Spring Security request authorization reference.
Prefer type-safe rules when they fit
The Spring Security reference recommends using type-safe authorization managers instead of SpEL where possible. Expressions can still be useful when they make a policy clearer and the project’s version supports the API. WebExpressionAuthorizationManager is documented as a migration path for expression-based rules.
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Use method security for business operations and object rules
Request checks answer whether a caller may reach a URL under a path-and-method policy. They do not necessarily express whether that caller may perform a particular business operation or access a specific record. Method security places the decision at the method boundary, which can protect an operation reached through more than one route and can use method arguments.
@PreAuthorize("hasAuthority('invoice:approve')")
public void approveInvoice(long invoiceId) {
// Business operation
}Enable method security in the application configuration before relying on method annotations. The exact surrounding configuration depends on the application and Spring Security version.
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Check ownership with care
@PostAuthorize can inspect the returned object, for example to verify that its owner matches the current user. The method runs before this check, however. A post-invocation decision may therefore be too late if the method has side effects or if the underlying read itself must be restricted. In those cases, prefer a pre-invocation check or constrain the data query so unauthorized records are not fetched. Spring Security’s method security reference describes post-authorization ownership checks and their relevance to insecure direct object reference protection.
Choose the enforcement boundary that matches the rule
| Question | Request authorization | Method authorization |
|---|---|---|
| Where does it enforce? | At the URL and HTTP request boundary | At method invocation |
| What policy context is available? | Request path and HTTP method | Method arguments; post-authorization can inspect a returned object |
| Can it cover multiple entry points? | It applies when a request matches the configured route rules | It can protect the operation wherever that secured method is invoked |
| When is it most useful? | Broad route policy, such as restricting an administrative path | Operation-specific permissions and rules tied to a particular object |
These boundaries can complement each other: a request rule can set broad access expectations while a method rule protects a sensitive operation or object. There is no universal layering rule for every application; keep each policy visible at the boundary that best represents what it protects.
Version context for older examples
Older tutorials may use authorizeRequests and the legacy Access API. Do not mix those examples with the current authorizeHttpRequests DSL without accounting for the version difference. The Spring Security 7 reference says AccessDecisionManager, AccessDecisionVoter, and related Access API types moved to the legacy spring-security-access module; new applications do not need that dependency. This is a note about the documented Spring Security 7 transition, not a compatibility guide for every historical release. Consult the reference for the version used by your project.
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