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What a functional Azure VM deployment includes
A virtual machine is one part of a working deployment. Terraform must also provide or reference the resources that connect it to a network and define how you can access it. Microsoft’s Linux VM quickstart walks through an example containing:
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- Resource group: a container for the Azure resources in the deployment.
- Virtual network and subnet: the network location for the VM’s network interface.
- Network interface: connects the VM to the subnet.
- Public IP and NSG: the example’s route for inbound connectivity and its network security rules.
- Linux VM: the compute resource, configured for SSH public-key authentication.
- Boot diagnostics storage: a storage account used by the example for diagnostics.
- SSH key generation and outputs: the sample uses AzAPI resources to generate a key and exposes the resource-group name and public IP as Terraform outputs.
These are example components, not a requirement to expose every VM to the public internet. You can instead use existing networking, private access, a different diagnostics configuration, or other security controls. Choose the access path before creating the NSG rules and public-IP configuration.
Choose the access and deployment pattern
Decide how administrators will reach the VM and whether one machine meets the workload’s needs. The single-VM and cluster quickstarts illustrate different deployment sizes; the cluster example adds multiple Linux VMs and resources for load balancing, managed storage, and availability.
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| Pattern | What it suits | Considerations |
|---|---|---|
| Single VM with public SSH | A small deployment where direct SSH access is appropriate. | Requires a public access route and carefully scoped inbound rules. The quickstart demonstrates a public IP and an SSH rule. |
| Single VM with private access | A VM that should be reached through an existing private network or approved access path. | Use networking and security controls that fit the environment; the quickstart is an example, not a complete design for private access. |
| Multiple instances with a load balancer | A deployment needing more than one VM and an availability-oriented design. | Microsoft’s cluster quickstart is a separate pattern with two Linux VM instances, a load balancer, managed disk, and availability set. It is more involved than provisioning one VM. |
Image and VM size availability, quotas, and costs depend on the target region and subscription. Confirm these before applying. The cited quickstarts do not establish a current cost comparison. Microsoft identifies Azure Linux 4.0 as a preview for evaluation and testing; check its current lifecycle status rather than treating it as a production default.
Configure Terraform and review the proposed changes
Microsoft’s workflow is to configure the Terraform files and provider, initialize the working directory, create and inspect a plan, and only then apply it. The sample extract lists AzureRM ~> 3.0, AzAPI ~> 1.5, and Random ~> 3.0 constraints as example configuration. These are not current-version recommendations: provider versions change, so check the live quickstart and official provider documentation before choosing constraints. The extract also notes that terraform init -upgrade updates provider plugins to the newest versions compatible with the configuration’s constraints.
- Configure the deployment. Define the VM and its required supporting resources, or reference networking already managed elsewhere. Set the authentication method, image, VM size, and intended network access. Keep private SSH key material out of source control, logs, and shared outputs.
- Initialize providers. From the directory containing the Terraform configuration, run
terraform init. This initializes the working directory and installs the providers required by the configuration. - Create a saved plan. Run
terraform plan -out=tfplan. Terraform determines which actions are needed but does not execute them during planning. - Inspect before applying. Review the proposed changes, including resources to create, update, or destroy; network exposure; and the selected VM and image. If the plan does not match the intended deployment, revise the configuration and plan again.
- Apply the reviewed plan. Run
terraform apply tfplanto execute the saved plan. Applying provisions or changes Azure resources.
Microsoft describes Terraform as enabling the definition, preview, and deployment of cloud infrastructure. The preview is useful only if you inspect it: a plan is not a substitute for deciding whether the network rules and resource changes are appropriate.
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Restrict SSH access and protect the key
The quickstart’s SSH rule permits TCP port 22 and shows a wildcard source address. That is broad access and should not be the production default. Restrict the rule to trusted source addresses or use an appropriate private-access pattern instead. SSH connectivity requires both a network path allowed by the rules and authentication with the corresponding key; having a public IP alone does not establish access.
- Use SSH public-key authentication, as in the example, and protect the private key as a secret.
- Do not commit private key material to source control or expose it in logs, Terraform outputs, or shared files.
- Confirm the intended source address and access path before opening inbound SSH.
Verify the deployment and connect
After the apply completes, check the Terraform outputs and Azure resource state. The quickstart outputs the resource-group name and VM public IP; use the address only if your chosen design includes public access. Confirm that the VM is running and that the network interface, subnet, and applicable security rules match the plan.
- Review Terraform’s apply result and outputs for the expected resource group and address.
- In Azure, inspect the resource group and confirm that the expected VM and supporting network resources exist and that the VM is running.
- Attempt SSH using the private key that matches the public key configured for the VM, the correct username, and the access route you chose.
- If SSH fails, check the VM’s state, address or private route, NSG rules, trusted source address, username, and key pairing. Correct the configuration or access path, then review a new Terraform plan before applying changes.
Microsoft’s Linux VM connection guidance explains connecting with an SSH private-key file. Follow the instructions appropriate to your client and key format.
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Plan cleanup and ongoing operation
When the VM is no longer needed, remove it through Terraform so the configuration and Terraform state remain aligned. The alternative Azure portal guidance describes deleting the resource group, which removes associated resources. If you remove resources outside Terraform, account for that change in Terraform’s state and configuration before the next operation.
- From the Terraform working directory, review the proposed deletion with
terraform plan -destroy. - If the plan is correct, run
terraform destroyand confirm the requested destruction. - Verify in Azure that the intended resources have been removed, and check Terraform’s result and state.
Deleting the resource group in the Azure portal is another documented cleanup route, but it bypasses Terraform’s normal lifecycle workflow. Avoid mixing manual changes and Terraform operations without reconciling the resulting state. Azure auto-shutdown can reduce runtime without deleting the VM; treat such manually configured or externally managed settings as separate from Terraform unless you explicitly manage them in the configuration. Charges depend on the resources provisioned and how long they run; the cited sources do not provide a price estimate.
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