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World desk7 min

Keep ETL Consumers Running During a Palantir Foundry Migration

A staged Foundry migration starts with a correct baseline, adds incrementality only where it fits, and reconciles equivalent inputs before a controlled cutover.
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You can move a legacy ETL workload to Palantir Foundry while keeping service continuity in view, but Foundry does not guarantee a zero-downtime migration. Continuity depends on how you capture source changes, align input watermarks, validate equivalent outputs, switch consumers, and restore the old route if needed. The safest approach is staged: establish a correct baseline, add incremental processing only where it helps, reconcile both paths, then cut over with an observable rollback plan.

What “without downtime” can—and cannot—mean

Treat uninterrupted service as a migration objective your team must engineer, not as a platform feature. Foundry documentation describes dataset transactions, builds, and schedules; it does not promise end-to-end availability during a legacy ETL migration. Your design must preserve access to usable data while the new path is being validated.

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That requires more than running two pipelines at once. The legacy and Foundry runs need comparable source versions or watermarks, consumers need a controlled route switch, and the previous route must remain recoverable until the new one meets agreed correctness and freshness criteria. Define what service continuity means for each consumer—for example, acceptable freshness and how to handle a failed or delayed build—before choosing a cutover method.

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How should you stage the migration?

  1. Inventory the existing pipeline

    Map source systems, ingestion cadence, job dependencies, target tables, business keys, consumers, and ownership. Record how the legacy jobs handle late-arriving updates, deletes, duplicates, schema changes, errors, and retries. Capture current run duration, freshness expectations, and reconciliation controls as local baselines; there is no universal Foundry migration checklist or service-level target in the platform guidance.

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  2. Land data and choose transaction semantics

    Foundry datasets are versioned through transactions. For file-based sync patterns, APPEND adds newly ingested data, while SNAPSHOT replaces the represented view. Confirm what your connector actually emits and how the source represents changes before selecting a transaction pattern.

    Be especially careful with UPDATE behavior: overwriting existing files can break the append-only input history that an incremental pipeline depends on. That may require downstream processing to fall back to a SNAPSHOT or batch computation. The transaction type should reflect the source’s actual change semantics, not just the desired runtime behavior.

  3. Reproduce the established logic with a baseline

    In many cases, begin with a batch pipeline that reproduces the legacy business logic. A full recomputation is a useful reference point for checking transformation behavior before you optimize it. Batch is also a sensible long-term choice when inputs arrive as snapshots, outputs need full replacement, or the data volume is small enough that incremental computation offers little benefit.

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  4. Add incrementality selectively

    Once the baseline is correct, identify transforms where processing only new input changes could materially reduce work or improve latency. Verify that each operation preserves the legacy meaning for updates, deletes, joins, aggregations, and replay. Incremental processing is not automatically equivalent to recalculating a full aggregate.

  5. Validate schema evolution and downstream dependencies

    Test representative old and new input schemas, along with the transforms, consumers, and Ontology mappings that depend on them. Treat dataset schema changes and Ontology object type changes as separate concerns: an object type change involving a property type, backing datasource, or primary key can be breaking.

  6. Run both paths and reconcile

    Keep the legacy and Foundry paths running in parallel long enough to cover normal schedules and known edge cases. Compare outputs for equivalent input versions or watermarks before directing consumers to the new path.

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  7. Switch consumers with a rollback route ready

    Make the route change controlled and observable. Keep source capture and the previous consumer route available until the new path meets your agreed correctness, freshness, and failure-handling criteria. Document how to restore the prior route and who owns that decision.

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Should you use batch or incremental transforms?

Palantir’s pipeline guidance presents batch-first as a common starting point, with incrementality introduced later when the volume or rate of input changes makes the added complexity worthwhile. Use the characteristics of your workload to decide rather than treating incremental processing as the default destination.

Decision factor Batch is a better fit when Incremental is a better fit when
Input pattern Inputs are snapshots, are frequently overwritten, or require full replacement. Inputs provide changes that can be processed without overwriting the history required by the pipeline.
Work and latency Full recomputation is acceptable, or the dataset is small enough that avoiding it brings little benefit. A smaller portion of input changes each run and reducing recomputation or latency justifies added maintenance.
Transformation behavior The job’s semantics are easiest to preserve through full recomputation. The transform can correctly handle the relevant change patterns and supported incremental operations.
Recovery and replay A repeatable full build is the simpler recovery model. The team can reason about transaction history, replay behavior, and occasional recomputation.
Schema and operations Frequent structural change or simpler operations favor a straightforward baseline. The team can validate schema compatibility, output history, build dependencies, and schedule behavior.

Incremental transforms process appended input data since the previous build; they do not inherently recalculate every prior output or interpret updates and deletes the same way as a legacy full-refresh job. Pipeline Builder’s supported computation modes also impose operation-specific constraints. For example, incremental join inputs have placement requirements, union inputs must use the same computation mode, and some aggregation or window operations apply to the current transaction rather than the full prior output. Check the exact transform type and behavior in your deployed Foundry version before relying on it.

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Plan for occasional SNAPSHOT transactions even in an incremental design. A SNAPSHOT may require recomputation, so the transform must be correct when that happens rather than assuming every build will process only appended changes. Palantir’s guidance notes that incremental pipelines carry additional development and maintenance complexity; use them where the operational benefit warrants it.

How do you handle schema changes safely?

Foundry schemas are metadata associated with dataset views and can evolve over time. Schema evolution still needs deliberate compatibility rules: a pipeline can fail or produce unintended results if its declared output no longer agrees with the data it reads or writes.

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  • For Python incremental transforms, match the prior-output schema. The schema used to read previous output must agree with actual output types, nullability, and column order. Foundry stores columns as nullable, so declaring a prior-output field non-nullable can cause a schema mismatch.
  • Preserve a deliberate output field order. Keep the order consistent when writing output, and test the resulting schema rather than assuming an added or reordered field is harmless.
  • Test additions and type changes separately. A newly added field and a changed field type can affect readers differently. Validate both against representative old and new data, including null values where relevant.
  • Review Ontology changes independently. Dataset metadata evolution is not the same as changing an Ontology object type. Changes to a property type, backing datasource, or primary key may break dependent object behavior.
  • Exercise downstream consumers. Include transforms, reports, applications, and object mappings that rely on the dataset or object type in the compatibility check.
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How do you reconcile Foundry output with the legacy pipeline?

Reconciliation is meaningful only when the two outputs represent equivalent source states. Align source versions or watermarks first; otherwise, legitimate differences caused by timing can look like data defects. The checks below are an engineering method for this migration, not a Palantir-prescribed reconciliation algorithm.

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  1. Establish comparable runs. Record the input version or watermark used by each pipeline and confirm the comparison covers the same source boundary.
  2. Compare overall shape. Check row counts and coverage of the business keys that define the records users care about.
  3. Classify key-level differences. Identify missing keys, extra keys, and keys whose values differ. Separate expected differences from defects using the source system’s business rules.
  4. Check important measures. Compare aggregate control totals for business-critical values, not just total rows.
  5. Exercise change cases. Where applicable, test inserts, updates, deletes, duplicates, late-arriving data, nulls, and schema additions. These cases reveal mismatches that a single count comparison can miss.
  6. Set tolerances and exception ownership. Define acceptable differences from business rules and identify who investigates exceptions. Do not assume one universal threshold fits every dataset.
  7. Retain the evidence. Keep the comparison results and the source versions or watermarks used for the decision so the cutover can be audited and investigated later.

What should operators monitor during builds and schedules?

A Foundry build coordinates jobs and output transactions. Jobs without dependencies can run in parallel. Build setup validates inputs and opens output transactions with build locking. If a job fails, directly dependent jobs and their output transactions are terminated, but jobs that completed earlier may already have written data. During failure analysis, inspect each relevant dataset’s committed state and validation results rather than assuming the entire multi-job build left no output.

Schedules trigger builds, but a schedule’s status is not a substitute for checking the build itself. In run history, “succeeded” means the build was successfully initiated; it does not prove the build finished successfully. Monitor build outcome and dataset freshness as separate signals. If a schedule triggers while a previous run is active, it waits for that run to finish.

Palantir’s scheduling guidance recommends keeping schedules simple, using one schedule per dataset, reserving force builds for raw Data Connection syncs, preferring connecting builds where practical, and adding retries. Schedules can target datasets, exclude resources, and use single, full, or connecting build types. Choose scope and build type deliberately, then monitor the resulting builds and freshness rather than treating the trigger as evidence that data is ready.

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What makes a cutover recoverable?

Define the cutover decision in operational terms before switching consumers. The exact criteria belong to your service and business requirements, but the plan should make correctness, freshness, failure handling, and rollback observable.

  • Keep the source capture and previous consumer route available during the agreed parallel-run period.
  • Use reconciliations based on aligned inputs, and document how exceptions are judged and escalated.
  • Watch actual build states and output transactions, including the possibility of partial completion across jobs.
  • Define who can approve the route change and who can restore the previous route.
  • Record the rollback steps and verify that the old path remains usable before removing it.

There is no universal migration duration, performance gain, or cost saving established for this scenario. Those outcomes depend on the workload, source behavior, transform design, and operational requirements; measure them in your own environment instead of assuming incrementality will deliver a particular improvement.

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