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Inkscape Path Operations: Combine, Subtract, and Cut Shapes

Use Inkscape path operations to join outlines, subtract shapes, keep overlaps, or split paths. Learn how stacking order and shape conversion affect the result.
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In Inkscape, select at least two convertible objects or paths, then open Path and choose an operation such as Union, Difference, or Intersection. The operation changes the selected geometry; for order-sensitive operations, check which object is on top before applying it.

Choose an operation by the result you need

Inkscape’s Path menu includes operations for joining outlines, subtracting shapes, retaining overlaps, and splitting paths. The Inkscape Beginners’ Guide describes these operations as requiring at least two objects or paths that can be converted for the operation. Exact interface behavior can vary by Inkscape version.

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Goal Operation What it does
Join overlapping or adjacent forms into one outline Union Keeps the common outer outline of the selected paths.
Subtract a top shape from a base shape, such as punching a hole Difference Subtracts one path from another. Stacking order determines which path is subtracted from which.
Keep only the area shared by selected paths Intersection Keeps the parts covered by all selected paths.
Remove the overlap between two objects Exclusion Keeps regions covered by an odd number of paths; with two objects, the non-overlapping regions remain.
Cut a lower path into pieces using an upper path Division Uses the upper path to cut the lower path into pieces. Stacking order matters.
Split paths where they intersect Cut Path Creates paths at the intersections between the two paths.
Keep separate parts together as one object Combine Combines the selected paths into a single object while retaining their parts.
Turn independent subpaths into separate objects Break Apart Creates separate objects from a path’s independent subpaths.

Apply a path operation

  1. Select at least two objects or paths that Inkscape can convert for the chosen operation.
  2. For Difference or Division, check the stacking order. The upper object acts on the lower one, so arrange the base and cutting shape accordingly.
  3. Open Path and select the operation you want.
  4. Check the canvas for the result. If nothing happens, read the status-bar error message for the reason the operation failed.

Convert a geometric shape before editing its path

Rectangles, ellipses, stars, and spirals created with Inkscape’s shape tools are shape objects, not paths. To edit their nodes as paths, select the shape and choose Path > Object to Path.

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In the documented workflow, conversion is one-way: a path cannot be converted back into a shape object with its original shape-specific controls. Keep a duplicate of the shape before converting if you may need to adjust those controls later.

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When node editing or a Live Path Effect is a better fit

Edit only part of the geometry

Use the Node tool when you need to change specific nodes, handles, or segments rather than apply a whole-object operation.

Keep an effect adjustable

A Live Path Effect can be a better choice when you want a transformation to remain adjustable while retaining the original path. The Inkscape Beginners’ Guide describes Live Path Effects as non-destructive and adjustable in the Path Effects dialog.

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