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What the finished setup looks like
A typical single-server deployment has three parts:
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- Memcached runs as an Ubuntu systemd service.
- The daemon listens only on
127.0.0.1(or on a private interface when Rails and Memcached are on different private hosts). - Rails uses
:mem_cache_storewith the Dalli client and an explicit server list.
Memcached is not a database and does not make an application faster merely by being installed. The Memcached project puts it plainly: “Installing it does not automatically accelerate or cache any of your data: Your applications need to be programmed to utilize this service.” Your Rails code must decide what to cache, how long entries remain valid, and what to do when an entry is absent.
The safest default for one Rails application on one Ubuntu VPS is a loopback-only TCP listener at 127.0.0.1:11211. A Unix socket can also keep traffic local. If the cache is on another machine, use the private address or network, restrict port 11211 to the Rails host or security group, and never permit the whole internet to reach it.
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Install Memcached and register the service
Use Ubuntu’s package manager so the distribution supplies the service unit and startup integration:
- Refresh package metadata and install Memcached:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install memcached
sudo systemctl enable --now memcachedenable --now both enables startup at boot and starts the service immediately. Installing the package normally supplies the init and systemd service files; do not create a second hand-written daemon process for the same port.
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Check that the process is active, see the unit’s effective startup definition, and record the installed version:
systemctl status memcached
systemctl cat memcached
memcached --versionsystemctl cat is useful because it shows how Ubuntu launches the daemon, including the configuration file and command-line flags that actually apply. If the unit is not active, read its status output and the journal before changing Rails settings; an application cannot connect to a daemon that failed during startup.
Bind Memcached to a private endpoint
Memcached has little built-in protection against hostile clients. The project warns: “Memcached does not spend much, if any, effort in ensuring its defensibility from random internet connections. So you must not expose memcached directly to the internet, or otherwise any untrusted users.” Network placement is therefore a security boundary, not an optional tuning detail.
Local-only baseline for a single VPS
Edit Ubuntu’s Memcached configuration (commonly /etc/memcached.conf) and establish a local listener. A reasonable baseline is:
-m 256
-p 11211
-l 127.0.0.1
-U 0Choose -m for the workload and available RAM; do not copy 256 blindly. The explicit -U 0 disables UDP. Newer Memcached releases disable UDP by default, but stating the intent in configuration prevents an unnoticed change when packages or service defaults differ.
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| Option | Meaning | Operational guidance |
|---|---|---|
-m |
Memory allocated for cached items, in megabytes. | Size it against the VPS memory budget and expected working set. The example value is not a recommendation. |
-p |
TCP listening port. | 11211 is the conventional port used by the Rails example and Memcached clients. |
-l |
Address or addresses on which Memcached listens. | Use 127.0.0.1 for same-host Rails. For a separate cache host, use only its private interface. |
-U |
UDP listener control. | -U 0 disables UDP when the application needs TCP only. |
Apply and verify the listener
Restart the service after editing the configuration, then verify both service state and the bound socket:
sudo systemctl restart memcached
sudo systemctl is-active memcached
sudo ss -ltnup | grep 11211For a local deployment, the socket listing should show the service bound to loopback rather than to every interface. If it shows 0.0.0.0:11211 or a public address, stop and correct the bind setting before configuring Rails.
When Memcached is on another private host
Replace 127.0.0.1 with the cache server’s private address and enforce an equivalent host firewall or cloud security-group rule. Permit TCP 11211 only from the Rails application’s private address or security group. Do not open 11211 to 0.0.0.0/0. Private routing is required even when authentication is enabled.
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SASL can authenticate clients, but authentication is not encryption. Memcached’s SASL documentation states that it “does not provide encryption” and is not a solution for internet exposure. Keep the service on loopback or a private network and use firewall rules regardless of whether SASL is configured.
Add Dalli to Rails
Rails’ ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore uses Memcached through the Dalli client. Add Dalli to the application bundle if it is not already present:
gem "dalli"Run your normal bundle installation in the application directory, then deploy the resulting lockfile with the application. Keeping the gem in the bundle ensures every web, job, and console process uses the same client dependency.
Configure the production cache store
Put the cache-store configuration in config/environments/production.rb, or in an initializer that is loaded for production:
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config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store,
ENV.fetch("MEMCACHE_SERVERS", "127.0.0.1:11211").split(","),
{ namespace: ENV.fetch("CACHE_NAMESPACE", "myapp-production") }The server expression accepts a comma-separated list, so one process can use several Memcached endpoints when your deployment requires it. The default in this example is the local listener. Rails documents that, when no server addresses are supplied, the store falls back to MEMCACHE_SERVERS and then to 127.0.0.1:11211; making the value explicit in configuration avoids ambiguity during deployment.
Set endpoint and namespace outside source control
For a private remote cache, provide environment variables through the service manager, deployment system, or host-level environment rather than committing host details to the repository:
MEMCACHE_SERVERS=10.0.2.15:11211
CACHE_NAMESPACE=myapp-productionUse the same namespace for application processes that must share entries. Give staging, development, and production different namespaces, even if they temporarily point at the same Memcached host. Namespaces prevent one environment from reading or deleting another environment’s keys.
Choose a server list deliberately
- Same VPS: use
127.0.0.1:11211and keep the daemon loopback-only. - Dedicated private cache host: use its private address and restrict the firewall to Rails hosts.
- Several cache endpoints: provide a comma-separated list and make sure every process receives the identical list and namespace policy.
MemCacheStore is intended for a centralized shared cache, so multiple Rails processes and servers can use the same entries. It does not turn Memcached into durable shared storage; a lost cache still requires the application to regenerate values.
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Test with the same environment variables and release code that production uses. Start a production console from the application directory:
RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rails consoleInside the console, perform a write, read, and delete:
cache = Rails.cache
cache.write("memcached_probe", "ok", expires_in: 60.seconds)
cache.read("memcached_probe")
cache.delete("memcached_probe")
cache.read("memcached_probe")The first read should return "ok". After deletion, the final read should return nil. This checks the Rails store, Dalli, the configured endpoint, serialization, and basic command handling in one short exercise. Remove or change the probe key if another operator might be testing the same namespace.
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Check the daemon without exposing it
From the Memcached host, issue a minimal protocol request over loopback:
printf "versionrnquitrn" | nc 127.0.0.1 11211
sudo journalctl -u memcached --since "10 minutes ago"The first command should return a version response and then close. The journal shows startup failures, malformed options, permission problems, and restart events that are invisible from a Rails stack trace.
Write cache-aware Rails code
Every cache read is allowed to miss. A miss can happen because an entry expired, the item was evicted, the service restarted, the namespace changed, or the cache host was temporarily unavailable. Your code must be able to recreate the value from the authoritative source.
Use fetch for read-through population
Rails.cache.fetch("article:#{article.id}", expires_in: 5.minutes) do
ArticleSerializer.new(article).as_json
endRails returns the existing value when present. On a miss, it runs the block, stores the result, and returns it to the caller. Set an explicit expiry whenever stale data has a business impact; the right duration depends on how quickly the underlying record changes and how expensive regeneration is.
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Keep cached values disposable
- Store derived data, rendered fragments, serialized responses, or other values that can be rebuilt.
- Never make Memcached the only copy of orders, credentials, audit records, or other durable state.
- Handle
niland connection failures without corrupting the source-of-truth workflow. - Use stable key formats and include record identifiers or version components where old values could collide.
- Keep serialization compatible across rolling deploys when old and new application processes overlap.
MemCacheStore supports Memcached-specific options on write and fetch. Use those options only when they match the client and daemon limits you have selected; an option in Ruby cannot override a server that rejects the item.
Capacity, limits, and settings to review
Ubuntu’s Noble Memcached manpage documents a 64 MB default memory limit and a 1024-connection default. Those are package defaults, not sizing recommendations. A Rails workload can exhaust either resource—or evict useful entries—long before the VPS appears CPU-bound.
| Axis | What to decide | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| Placement | Local daemon, private remote host, or shared cluster. | Determines latency, routing, firewall scope, and failure boundaries. |
| Memory | Set the -m limit in relation to VPS RAM and the expected working set. |
Too little memory causes churn and evictions; too much can starve Rails and the operating system. |
| Item size | Confirm that serialized values fit the daemon’s item-size limit. | A large object can fail to store even when aggregate memory is available. |
| Connections | Compare application concurrency with the daemon’s connection limit. | Web workers, job workers, consoles, and health checks all consume connections. |
| Expiry | Choose a lifetime for each data class. | Short lifetimes reduce staleness; longer lifetimes reduce regeneration load but retain old data longer. |
| Namespace | Separate environments and coordinate processes that share entries. | Prevents cross-environment collisions and makes invalidation predictable. |
| Eviction behavior | Decide which entries may disappear under pressure. | Application correctness must not depend on a particular key surviving. |
| Operations | Define restart policy, logging, monitoring, and recovery procedures. | Memcached loss should be a cache warm-up event, not a data-loss incident. |
Measure the application’s actual hit rate, memory consumption, evictions, item sizes, and connection usage before raising limits. The daemon’s documented defaults provide a starting point for inspection, not a promise that they fit your workload.
Troubleshoot the common failure modes
The service will not start
- Run
systemctl status memcachedand inspectsudo journalctl -u memcached. - Check the configuration for an invalid flag, malformed address, or port conflict.
- Use
systemctl cat memcachedto confirm which configuration and command line the unit loads. - After correction, restart the service and confirm it is active before testing Rails.
Rails reports connection refused or times out
Compare the exact MEMCACHE_SERVERS value with the address shown by ss. For a local setup, Rails should target 127.0.0.1:11211, and Memcached should be listening on that address. For a remote setup, verify private routing, the cache host’s listener address, and firewall or security-group rules. A timeout usually indicates routing or filtering; a refusal commonly means no process is listening at the selected address and port.
Every read returns nil
- Confirm the write returns successfully and that the read uses the same key.
- Check that all processes use the same
CACHE_NAMESPACE. - Look for an expiry that is shorter than the test interval.
- Ensure staging and production are not unintentionally sharing or overwriting a namespace.
- Verify the value is serializable and small enough for the daemon’s item-size limit.
Entries disappear under load
Memcached evicts entries when its allocated memory is under pressure. Review the -m setting, object sizes, expiry policy, and application hit rate. Increasing memory can help only if the VPS has spare RAM; otherwise it can cause operating-system pressure and make the whole application less stable.
Some writes fail while small probes work
A tiny probe does not prove that production objects fit. Inspect serialized payload sizes and the daemon’s item-size limit. Split or redesign oversized values rather than assuming that more total memory will allow an individual item to be stored.
Connections are exhausted
Count all Rails web processes, background workers, consoles, deployment hooks, and monitoring probes that connect to Memcached. Compare that total with the daemon’s connection limit and the client’s connection behavior. The Ubuntu manpage’s 1024 simultaneous-connection default is a reference point, not a target.
Operate the cache through deploys and restarts
Memcached contents are expected to vanish during a service restart, VPS replacement, or cache-host failure. Deploy code that repopulates values on demand, and ensure a cold cache does not overload the database or upstream APIs. If a restart causes a traffic spike, warm only the highest-value keys deliberately rather than treating the cache as durable storage.
Keep the service enabled with systemd, review its journal after package upgrades, and periodically verify the listener remains private. Changes to bind addresses, ports, memory, or namespaces should be deployed together with the Rails environment that consumes them. Record the private endpoint and firewall rule in your operations documentation so a replacement VPS can be rebuilt without opening 11211 publicly.
Quick Recap
Deployment checklist
- Install the Ubuntu package and enable the systemd service.
- Inspect the unit, version, and startup logs.
- Bind to loopback, a Unix socket, or a private interface; never a public interface.
- Disable UDP explicitly when it is not required.
- For remote caches, restrict TCP 11211 to Rails private addresses or security groups.
- Add Dalli and configure
:mem_cache_store. - Supply
MEMCACHE_SERVERSand an environment-specificCACHE_NAMESPACEoutside source control. - Run the Rails write/read/delete probe with production variables.
- Check the listener and recent journal entries from the host.
- Review memory, item size, connections, expiry, namespaces, serialization, evictions, and cache-miss behavior against the workload.
- Confirm application paths can regenerate every cached value after a cold start.
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