A connected VPN and a changed public IP do not prove that your DNS queries are using the VPN’s intended resolver. To check for a DNS leak, record what happens with the VPN off, repeat the same tests while it is on, and verify which resolver actually handled a test query. Check IPv6 and WebRTC separately: they are different possible exposure paths, not DNS tests.
What a DNS leak means—and what an IP check cannot show
DNS translates a hostname, such as a website address, into the network address a device can connect to. A DNS leak occurs when a lookup reaches an unexpected resolver or bypasses the DNS path intended by your VPN configuration. That can happen even when ordinary browser traffic uses the VPN.
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A public-IP check can show whether the browser appears to be using the VPN’s exit address. It cannot establish which resolver answered a DNS query. An ISP-associated resolver while connected is a reason to investigate, but a test page that cannot observe the resolver handling a query cannot settle the question. VPN and Privacy explains this distinction and documents a unique-hostname method for observing the resolver that makes the lookup: VPN and Privacy’s DNS leak test guidance.
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Use the same device, operating system, browser, and network for both runs. Record the setup because results apply only to the configuration and connection state you tested.
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- Disconnect the VPN. Record the public IP and the DNS resolver reported by a test method capable of identifying the resolver that handled a query. Note your device, OS, browser, and network.
- Connect the VPN. Repeat the public-IP and DNS checks without changing the setup. The IP check should reflect the VPN exit if ordinary browser traffic is using the tunnel; assess resolver identity separately.
- Use a resolver-aware DNS test. A meaningful check needs evidence of which resolver queried a unique hostname, such as an authoritative nameserver observation, or a documented terminal method. VPN and Privacy describes the unique-hostname approach and provides example terminal checks at its DNS test page. An IP-only browser check is not proof that DNS is protected.
- Keep the results distinct. Record the public IP, observed DNS resolver, IPv6 result, and WebRTC result separately. A pass in one category does not establish a pass in another.
Check IPv6 and WebRTC as separate paths
IPv6
Find out whether your VPN tunnels IPv6 or whether IPv6 is unavailable outside the tunnel. If a VPN tunnels only IPv4, an IPv6 route may remain outside it; behavior depends on the device and VPN configuration. Treat an IPv6 check as its own result rather than inferring it from the public IPv4 address.
WebRTC
Compare any public WebRTC candidates with the VPN address. A public candidate that differs from the VPN IP warrants investigation. A private LAN address, such as one beginning with 10.x or 192.168.x, or a link-local IPv6 address is not the same as disclosing your public ISP address.
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AMTSO’s 2025 guidance treats DNS, IP, and packet leaks as distinct concerns and calls for tests across connection states and network environments. It also includes separate WebRTC and IPv6 checks, as well as testing during VPN-server and network-interface changes. See AMTSO VPN Testing Guidance Part 1.
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Check the settings and resolver behavior that can change the route. Names and availability vary by VPN, operating system, browser, and app version; consult current documentation for your exact platform before relying on a particular setting.
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- VPN DNS controls: Look for options such as “use VPN DNS,” DNS protection, or blocking DNS requests outside the tunnel.
- Split tunneling: Review whether the browser or relevant app is excluded from the VPN, and whether DNS behavior follows that rule.
- Browser secure-DNS settings: A browser-specific resolver setting may affect where browser lookups go. Check the browser’s current documentation and configuration.
- Operating-system resolver configuration: Review the system’s DNS settings and any network-specific resolver configuration.
- Change one setting at a time: After each relevant adjustment, repeat the same baseline comparison and resolver-aware test so you can see whether that change altered the result.
Test transitions if your use depends on them
A result while connected and stationary does not show what happens when the connection changes. If these transitions matter to you, repeat appropriate checks while changing VPN servers, moving between Wi-Fi access points, switching between Wi-Fi and mobile data, or forcing a tunnel drop. AMTSO’s guidance says that, in the relevant transition tests, no unencrypted data packets should exit through another interface. A clean run in one state does not establish behavior in every state.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How much confidence should you put in a clean result?
A clean result describes only the device, browser, network, VPN configuration, and connection state tested. Recheck after meaningful network or configuration changes. If you are assessing VPN software rather than troubleshooting one setup, comparisons need the same platform and protocol where possible, and should examine DNS resolver behavior, IPv6 handling, WebRTC, split tunneling, kill-switch response, and server or network transitions. AMTSO also advises disclosing test methods and tool selection; a single IP check is not a basis for ranking providers.
Quick Recap
Best Value
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Rank #4
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Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply.
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