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Freedom251 › Blog › Abragames

How to Start a Game Development Studio in Brazil

By Freedom251 Team · · 17 min read

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To open a game studio in Brazil, first define the product and ownership of its intellectual property, then validate the address and activity with the municipality and state, choose a legal form and tax regime with a Brazilian accountant, and complete the integrated REDESIM/CNPJ registration. After that, confirm the correct CNAE and local licenses, contract the team, build a milestone-based production plan, and pursue funding and export programs without assuming that an announced incentive is already available.

What starting a Brazilian game studio actually involves

A studio is more than a CNPJ and a game concept. You are creating a legal entity, assigning intellectual-property rights, hiring or contracting people, paying taxes, complying with local licensing rules, financing a production schedule and, often, selling software or services outside Brazil. Treat those as parallel workstreams from the first week.

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Brazil’s game-specific framework has changed. Law 14.852/2024 recognizes game development as an economic activity, lists several entity forms that may receive its special games-fostering treatment, establishes a prior-year gross-revenue ceiling of R$16,000,000 for that treatment and provides for a specific CNAE for game developers. Eligibility is not automatic: the statute also refers to innovation or Inova Simples criteria and other statutory conditions. Decree 13.138/2026 directs federal bodies to simplify customs procedures for imported tools essential to game development, but the practical benefit depends on implementing procedures and the applicable customs rules.

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The safest approach is to establish the company through the official municipal, state and federal workflow, keep evidence for every eligibility claim and ask an accountant and an intellectual-property lawyer to review the structure before money or code changes hands.

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Decide what the studio will be before registering it

Define the product and platform

Write a one-page operating brief covering the first product, target audience, platform, business model and intended launch territories. Distinguish a self-published game from contract development, co-development, porting, live operations and an educational or prototype business. Each model changes the contracts you need, the revenue timing and the evidence a funder or publisher will request.

  • Product: record the genre, core loop, estimated playtime, age rating target and whether the studio owns the underlying universe.
  • Platform: identify PC, console, mobile, web or a mixed release. Certification, technical requirements and revenue arrangements differ by platform.
  • Commercial model: choose premium, free-to-play, subscription, advertising, downloadable content, licensing or client-funded work. A studio can use more than one model, but separate the forecasts.
  • Geography: decide whether the first release is domestic, global from day one or a service delivered to foreign clients. This affects language, payment collection, contracts and export planning.

Set founder roles and ownership in writing

Before production starts, sign a founders’ agreement covering equity or participation, decision rights, vesting or departure rules, cash contributions, unpaid work, approvals for borrowing and the treatment of a founder who stops contributing. A verbal agreement is especially risky when one founder supplies code, another supplies art and a third finances the prototype.

List every pre-existing asset: source code, character designs, music, narrative, trademarks, photographs, plugins, tools and third-party libraries. State whether each asset is assigned to the studio, licensed to it or merely available for evaluation. Put the same requirement into every employee and contractor agreement. If a contributor is paid by an individual before the company exists, document the later assignment or licence to the company rather than assuming payment transferred ownership.

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Choose a legal form and understand the MEI question

Law 14.852/2024 names individual entrepreneurs, business companies, cooperatives, simple companies and MEIs as forms that may be eligible for its special games-fostering treatment. The list does not mean that every entity in one of those categories qualifies. The innovation or Inova Simples requirements, the R$16,000,000 prior-year gross-revenue ceiling and other statutory conditions still apply.

Choice What the 2024 statute establishes Decision to make with your accountant
Individual entrepreneur Included among the entity forms that may be eligible for the special treatment. Whether personal exposure, tax treatment and growth plans make this suitable for the studio.
Business company Included among the potentially eligible forms. Which company type, ownership split and management rules fit the founders and investors.
Cooperative Included among the potentially eligible forms. Whether a cooperative’s governance and member relationship match the production model.
Simple company Included among the potentially eligible forms. Whether a professional or collaborative structure is appropriate for the activities and liability profile.
MEI Expressly recognized as a potentially eligible form, subject to the statute and current MEI rules. Whether the intended activity is permitted for MEI, whether the current revenue and hiring limits work, and whether the form can support the studio’s contracts and investment needs.
Special games-fostering treatment Prior-year gross revenue must be no more than R$16,000,000, along with the statute’s other criteria. How revenue is measured, which period applies and what evidence demonstrates innovation or Inova Simples status.

When MEI can be a poor fit

MEI may look attractive for a solo prototype because registration and routine obligations can be simpler. It can become restrictive when you need several employees, outside investment, a publisher contract signed by a company, multiple founders, substantial foreign receipts or activities that do not fit the current permitted occupation list. Do not register a generic MEI activity and hope it will cover game production; confirm the exact permitted activity and current limits before filing.

If the studio will have co-founders, recurring contractors, investors or a substantial production budget, model a company structure from the start even if the first prototype is small. Changing the entity later can require assignments of IP, new contracts, bank changes and tax adjustments. The cheapest initial registration is not necessarily the cheapest complete structure.

Run feasibility checks before requesting a CNPJ

Brazil’s integrated registration process starts with feasibility rather than a blind federal filing. The municipality and, where applicable, the state assess whether the proposed activity can operate at the address and whether the requested name and legal form are available. A home address, coworking space or virtual-office arrangement can have different rules from a commercial premises.

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  1. Choose the proposed address. Obtain the full address, proof of occupancy and any condominium or zoning information. Describe the actual activities: software and game development, office work, testing, customer support, storage or equipment use. Do not describe only “consulting” if the studio will carry out development and sales.
  2. Submit the municipal and state feasibility request. Check name availability, activity compatibility and any state registration requirement. Save the protocol and every restriction returned by the system.
  3. Resolve address conditions. If the municipality rejects the activity, ask whether a different activity description, address or licence is required. Do this before signing a long lease or buying equipment.
  4. Confirm the legal form and ownership data. The information in the feasibility request must match the incorporation documents and the founders’ agreement.

A feasibility approval is not the same as permission to operate every activity. Municipal operating licences, fire-safety approvals, signage rules, environmental or health authorizations and state registrations can still apply depending on the premises and services. A software-only office may face fewer physical requirements than a studio with a public venue, recording space or hardware lab, but the municipality decides the applicable rules.

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Complete REDESIM and CNPJ registration correctly

The federal REDESIM workflow brings together feasibility, legal or name approval, tax-regime selection and operating-licence steps. Use the current federal service and the relevant state and municipal portals, because screens and required attachments can change. The sequence below prevents the most common mismatches.

  1. Prepare the incorporation documents. Include the legal name, trade name if used, address, purpose, capital or contribution terms, ownership percentages, administrators and powers. Attach the founders’ IP and contribution agreements even when the registry does not require them.
  2. Enter the feasibility protocol. Reuse the approved address, activity description and name exactly. A different spelling or an extra activity can trigger a new review.
  3. Select the tax regime deliberately. Compare the available regimes with a Brazilian accountant using projected domestic and foreign revenue, payroll, contractors, deductible costs and the expected timing of receipts. Do not choose solely on the lowest first-month estimate.
  4. File for the CNPJ through REDESIM. Check that the partners, administrator, activities and address match the approved feasibility data. Retain the submission receipt and the issued CNPJ record.
  5. Finish state and municipal registrations. Where required, register with the state tax authority, municipality and service-invoice system. Request the operating licence or exemption document rather than assuming that a CNPJ alone authorizes operations.
  6. Open compliant financial channels. Use a business bank account, an accounting ledger and an invoice process. Keep founder advances, capital contributions, loans and customer receipts in separate records.

The federal service treats these steps as connected, but an approval in one layer does not erase obligations in another. Keep a compliance calendar for tax filings, payroll, licence renewals, invoices, contracts and corporate changes.

Confirm the CNAE and describe the activity accurately

Law 14.852/2024 says that the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) will make a specific CNAE code available for companies developing electronic games. The statute’s wording is not a substitute for checking the code actually available in the registry on the day you file. Ask the accountant and the registration office to confirm the current implementation and whether secondary activities are needed for publishing, software services, animation, training or post-launch support.

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Use activity descriptions that reflect how the studio will earn money. A studio that both develops its own games and performs contract engineering may need more than one activity classification. Keep a written explanation of why each CNAE was selected; it helps when opening a bank account, issuing invoices, applying to a program or answering a municipal question.

  • Verify the primary CNAE before the CNPJ request is submitted.
  • Check whether the municipality maps that CNAE to a service tax and licence category.
  • Review secondary CNAEs when the studio adds publishing, outsourcing, training or equipment-related services.
  • Revisit the registration when the revenue mix changes materially; do not wait for a tax notice.

Build a tax and accounting system that fits games

Game revenue rarely arrives in one predictable monthly invoice. A studio may receive milestone advances, platform settlements, downloadable-content revenue, advertising proceeds, grants, royalties, consulting fees and foreign-currency payments. Give the accountant a 24-month revenue and cost model before choosing the regime.

Separate the revenue streams

Track self-published sales, platform settlements, publishing advances, licence royalties, contract development, art or engineering services, grants and sponsorship separately. The contract, invoice, tax treatment and cash timing can differ. Record the platform’s statement date, deductions, refunds and currency conversion rather than booking only the amount that reaches the bank.

Control payroll and contractors

Decide which roles are employees, which are independent businesses and which are vendors. A contractor agreement does not by itself remove employment risk if the working relationship has the characteristics of employment. Define deliverables, acceptance, confidentiality, IP assignment, payment dates and the contractor’s tax documentation. For employees, budget salary, statutory charges, leave, termination costs and payroll administration from the first forecast.

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Maintain evidence for incentives

Keep design documents, build logs, invoices, contracts, payroll records, tax filings and milestone reports in a versioned repository. If the studio later seeks the special treatment under Law 14.852/2024 or a public incentive, it must be able to show what it developed, who contributed, how revenue was calculated and why the project meets the applicable criteria. An accountant should confirm the records and filing method; do not treat a marketing description of a game as proof of eligibility.

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Protect intellectual property before production

The studio should own or have a documented licence for every material used in the game. Make a rights register with one row per asset and these fields: creator, date, contract, scope of rights, territory, term, payment, attribution requirement, third-party restrictions and storage location.

Founder and employee agreements

Use written assignment or licence clauses that cover source code, art, animation, sound, music, writing, design documents, tools, builds and derivative works. State whether the transfer is exclusive, worldwide, transferable and valid for the full legal term. Include confidentiality, portfolio use, moral-rights handling where permitted, return or deletion of confidential material and a duty to disclose third-party components.

Contractor and vendor checks

Obtain a bill of materials for purchased assets, fonts, music, middleware and open-source packages. Record the licence version and obligations, especially attribution, source-disclosure or redistribution requirements. Do not ship a build until someone has checked that the intended platform and monetization model are allowed by every licence.

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Company name and game branding

Separately investigate the company name, studio name and game title before committing to a public launch. A CNPJ name approval does not by itself grant every trademark right. Reserve social handles and domains only after checking conflicts, and document who owns those accounts.

Plan production around milestones, not optimism

A credible production plan gives the founders, team and potential funders the same definition of progress. Use a sequence that exposes the riskiest assumptions early.

  1. Concept and technical spike: prove the core interaction, target performance and input method with the smallest useful prototype.
  2. Prototype review: test whether the game is understandable and enjoyable enough to justify further spending. Record the decision and the assumptions that remain unproven.
  3. Vertical slice: build a short, representative section with near-final art direction, audio, interface, save system and performance targets. This is the useful package for publisher or investor discussions.
  4. Production: lock a feature list, asset pipeline, build cadence, code-review rules, version control, automated checks and a change-approval process.
  5. Quality assurance: test hardware coverage, accessibility, localization, data privacy, crash recovery, save integrity, payments and online services as applicable.
  6. Certification and launch: reserve time for platform submissions, age ratings, store assets, legal text, localization review, customer support and patch approval.
  7. Post-launch: budget updates, security fixes, moderation, analytics, refunds, server costs and a decision point for additional content.

Attach a cash forecast to each milestone. Separate committed costs from optional scope, and set a stop or rescope rule before a milestone begins. A founder should be able to answer what will be cut first if a grant, advance or expected sale is delayed.

Use public incentives without treating announcements as guaranteed money

The Ministry of Culture has announced that games projects may use Audiovisual Law tax-incentive pathways, subject to rules to be defined by Ancine. The Ministry has also announced two planned 2027 initiatives estimated at R$50 million each and guidance and training associated with Rouanet Games. These are opportunities to monitor, not guaranteed open calls, awards or cash available to every studio.

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How to prepare an eligible project file

  • Keep a clear synopsis, design document, production schedule, budget and financing plan.
  • Identify the Brazilian legal applicant and the people who hold the game’s rights.
  • Separate development costs from marketing, administration, platform fees and post-launch operations.
  • Maintain quotes, invoices and proof of payment for each budget line.
  • Track announcements from the Ministry of Culture and Ancine for the final rules, dates, applicant requirements and prestação de contas procedures.

Do not promise a publisher, team member or investor that a tax incentive will arrive on a particular date. Build a base case that works without the incentive and an upside case that shows what additional scope it would fund. If an application is approved, follow the approved budget and reporting rules rather than moving costs informally between categories.

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Find publishers, buyers and export support

The Brazil Games program associated with Abragames and ApexBrasil is designed to promote Brazilian studios internationally and develop opportunities with buyers, investors and publishers. It can be a useful route for a studio that has a presentable project, a business pitch and the capacity to follow up with international contacts. Confirm the current enrollment window, eligibility and required materials before relying on it.

Prepare before applying or attending a business event

  1. Build a concise pitch deck. Show the hook, audience, platform, business model, team, development stage, budget, funding ask, comparable market positioning and planned launch window.
  2. Prepare a playable build. Label the build clearly, state the controls and hardware requirements, and provide a short video for contacts who cannot install it.
  3. Document rights and commitments. Be ready to show that the studio controls the IP, or explain exactly what is licensed and from whom.
  4. Set a meeting qualification rule. Prioritize contacts whose platform, territory, genre and deal size match the project. A large contact list is less valuable than a small list with agreed next steps.
  5. Follow up in writing. Record what was requested, who owns the next action, the deadline and whether any materials are confidential.

International sales also require practical preparation: an English-language pitch, a currency and tax plan, a contract review process, data-protection analysis for player information and a bank process for receiving foreign funds. Ask an accountant about withholding, invoicing and exchange-rate records for each type of overseas income.

Account for imported development tools and equipment

Decree 13.138/2026 directs the Special Secretariat of the Federal Revenue of Brazil and other federal bodies involved in foreign trade to adopt measures simplifying customs procedures for tools essential to game development. The decree is a direction to simplify procedures, not a blanket exemption from duty, licensing or documentation.

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Before importing development hardware, test devices or other essential tools:

  • Describe the item, intended use and technical specifications precisely.
  • Check the applicable tariff classification, import licensing and tax treatment with a customs professional.
  • Retain the commercial invoice, packing list, transport document, proof of payment and records showing the item is used in development.
  • Ask whether the current implementing procedures recognize the item as essential and whether any agency approval is required.
  • Budget duties, storage, brokerage, insurance, exchange-rate movement and return or warranty shipping even when a simplified procedure may apply.

Do not advertise an imported tool as duty-free solely because the decree exists. Confirm the operational rule in force when the shipment is planned.

Hire a team that can deliver and remain compliant

Early studios often combine founders, employees, freelancers, specialist vendors and short-term testers. Make the relationship and deliverable explicit for each person. A role matrix should identify who owns design decisions, code review, art direction, build releases, QA approval, budget approval and external communications.

Use contracts that match the work

  • Employees: define role, salary, working arrangements, confidentiality, IP treatment and company policies; include payroll and statutory costs in the forecast.
  • Independent contractors: specify deliverables, acceptance criteria, invoices, tax responsibility, availability, IP transfer or licence and what happens to unfinished work.
  • Vendors: cover service levels, security, subcontracting, data handling, support, termination and ownership of produced materials.
  • Publishers or investors: define milestones, approvals, recoupment, revenue share, territory, platform rights, termination, audit rights and control of sequels or unused assets.

Use access controls for source code, production keys, customer data and payment accounts. Remove access promptly when a person leaves. Back up repositories and critical build credentials in a way that the company, not one founder’s personal account, controls.

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Prepare for launch, consumer obligations and support

Before release, assign responsibility for store-page accuracy, age-rating submissions, privacy notices, terms of service, refund handling, moderation and customer support. Test the purchase flow and refund path in every launch territory. Keep a release checklist that includes version numbers, build hashes, localization files, accessibility review, known issues, support contacts and rollback or hotfix procedures.

If the game collects account, payment, device or behavioral information, map what is collected, why it is needed, where it is stored, who receives it and how a player can exercise applicable rights. Limit access to the minimum needed for development and support. A third-party analytics or payment service does not remove the studio’s responsibility to understand the data flow and contract terms.

For live games, create an incident plan before launch. Define who can disable a feature, rotate a credential, communicate an outage, preserve logs and approve an emergency build. Document the decision authority so a technical incident does not become a dispute among founders.

A practical first-90-day sequence

Days 1–15: validate the business and ownership

  • Choose the first product, platform, business model and launch geography.
  • Sign founder, contribution and IP documents.
  • Prepare a preliminary budget, staffing plan and milestone schedule.
  • Collect address, name and activity information for feasibility checks.

Days 16–30: make the structure registrable

  • Run municipal and state feasibility checks.
  • Choose the legal form and tax regime with an accountant.
  • Confirm the current game-development CNAE and any secondary activities.
  • Prepare incorporation documents and contractor or employee templates.

Days 31–60: register and build the production system

  • Complete REDESIM/CNPJ registration and required state and municipal registrations.
  • Obtain operating licences or exemption documents that apply to the address.
  • Open business banking, invoicing and accounting workflows.
  • Build the prototype, source-control process, asset register and rights register.

Days 61–90: prove progress and open funding channels

  • Complete a prototype review and decide whether to proceed to a vertical slice.
  • Package the pitch deck, playable build, budget and rights evidence.
  • Monitor Ministry of Culture and Ancine rules, including the announced 2027 initiatives and Rouanet Games guidance.
  • Check the current Brazil Games program requirements and prepare for qualified publisher, buyer or investor conversations.
  • Review any planned imports under the procedures implementing Decree 13.138/2026.

Common mistakes and how to recover

Registering the wrong activity

Symptom: the CNPJ activity does not describe development, publishing or services the studio actually performs. Recovery: ask the accountant and municipality whether an amendment or secondary CNAE is required, then update invoices and contracts consistently.

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Assuming a CNPJ is a licence

Symptom: the company is registered but the municipality requests an operating licence or address correction. Recovery: complete the local licensing step and keep the protocol or exemption document before opening to customers or staff.

Using MEI after the business has outgrown it

Symptom: multiple founders, employees, investors, foreign contracts or activities no longer fit the current MEI rules. Recovery: obtain a conversion plan from the accountant, assign IP and contracts to the new structure and change banking and invoicing without leaving a gap in records.

Discovering an IP gap at the publisher meeting

Symptom: a contractor or founder cannot prove that the studio owns a key asset. Recovery: pause external licensing, obtain a written assignment or replacement asset and record the chain of title before sharing a final build.

Budgeting an incentive before it exists

Symptom: production depends on an announced program whose rules or call date has not been published. Recovery: rescope to the base-case budget, monitor the Ministry and Ancine announcements, and submit only after the final eligibility and reporting rules are known.

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Importing without checking implementation

Symptom: a shipment is held because the item, classification or approval does not match the customs filing. Recovery: use a customs specialist, correct the documentation and verify whether the current procedures under Decree 13.138/2026 cover the specific tool.

What a ready-to-operate studio should be able to show

  • A feasibility approval, CNPJ and required state and municipal registrations.
  • A confirmed CNAE set and a written explanation of the studio’s activities.
  • Founder, employee, contractor, vendor and publisher templates with IP terms.
  • An asset and open-source licence register.
  • A milestone plan, budget, cash forecast, build process and QA plan.
  • Accounting records that distinguish revenue streams, currencies, advances and expenses.
  • A funding file containing the project description, rights evidence, budget and reporting trail.
  • An export pitch and a follow-up process for the Brazil Games program or other qualified contacts.
  • An import file for any essential tools, including classification and customs documents.
  • A launch checklist covering platform submission, privacy, consumer support, refunds, security and incident response.

Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply.

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