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That baseline is suitable for a small installation and is documented by Mattermost as supporting approximately 1,000 users under its stated conditions. It is not a universal performance guarantee: files, concurrent activity, calls, search, integrations, and retention can all require more capacity.
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What a production Mattermost VPS needs
A VPS is only one part of the service. Before inviting users, have these components designed and assigned:
- Operating system: a supported 64-bit Ubuntu 22.04/24.04 LTS or current Debian stable server.
- Application: Mattermost installed as a managed service, normally from the signed Ubuntu/Debian package.
- Database: PostgreSQL 14 or newer, running locally, on another host, or as a managed service.
- Reverse proxy and TLS: NGINX receives public HTTP(S) traffic and forwards it to Mattermost.
- Persistent files: local disk for a simple installation, or S3-compatible object storage or network storage when durability and scale justify it.
- Mail delivery: an SMTP service or relay if users need email notifications, invitations, password resets, or other outbound messages.
- DNS: a hostname pointing to the VPS, with a plan for certificate issuance and renewal.
- Backups: PostgreSQL and Mattermost data, configuration, logs, and required plugins, stored off the VPS and periodically restored in a test environment.
For production, Mattermost specifically requires a reverse proxy and TLS before users connect. Do not publish the application directly on its internal listening ports.
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Choose the deployment model before provisioning
| Deployment model | Best fit | What you take on |
|---|---|---|
| Ubuntu/Debian APT package | One conventional VPS or a small private deployment | Simple systemd management and package updates, while you still operate PostgreSQL, proxying, storage, mail, and backups. |
| Manual Linux tarball | Administrators who need distribution flexibility or an air-gapped installation | More manual work for systemd units, file ownership, upgrades, and ongoing maintenance. |
| Docker Compose | Evaluation, testing, and development | Convenient isolation, but the official deployment guidance does not support Docker deployments for production clustering or high availability. |
| Kubernetes Operator | Production high availability and rolling operations | More infrastructure, shared-service design, operational expertise, and plan or licensing considerations. |
Compare choices on production support, upgrade method, high-availability behavior, database and file-storage topology, TLS integration, backup and recovery, and the skills available to operate the system. For a single VPS, the package route avoids adding a container or cluster control plane while still giving you a standard service manager.
Size the VPS without treating the minimum as a promise
Mattermost documents a minimum baseline of 1 vCPU and 2 GB of RAM, supporting approximately 1,000 users under the documented baseline. Use that as an entry point for a small deployment, not as a capacity guarantee.
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|---|---|---|
| Concurrent use | Many active sessions and message events increase application and database work. | More CPU and memory, plus monitoring during busy periods. |
| Files and retention | Uploads consume disk or object-storage capacity and create backup volume. | Persistent storage with growth headroom and a retention policy. |
| Search | Indexing and queries add CPU, memory, and storage pressure. | Measure index growth and reserve resources separately from the minimum. |
| Calls and integrations | Real-time features and external connectors add sustained work and network traffic. | Additional CPU, memory, bandwidth, and service limits as usage grows. |
| Availability goals | A single VPS is a single failure domain. | Separate database or storage, redundancy, and an HA architecture when downtime is unacceptable. |
The official material does not publish a universal VPS price or a general performance benchmark. Your cost depends on the region and provider, storage and backup volume, database placement, SMTP, and the availability target.
Prepare the server and network
1. Provision a clean supported host
Create a 64-bit VPS running Ubuntu 22.04 LTS, Ubuntu 24.04 LTS, or the current Debian stable release. Assign a static public IP if your provider offers one, set the server hostname, and keep the system clock synchronized. Log in with an administrative account that can use sudo; avoid operating the application as root.
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade -yReboot when the operating-system upgrade requires it, then reconnect and verify that the expected distribution and kernel are running.
2. Define the firewall boundary
The public firewall should allow SSH only from the administration networks you need, TCP 80 for HTTP certificate and redirect traffic, and TCP 443 for user traffic. Do not open Mattermost’s application ports to the Internet.
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Keep these ports on the private interface or localhost unless your topology requires otherwise:
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| Port | Use | Exposure |
|---|---|---|
| 80/tcp | NGINX HTTP listener, commonly used for certificate validation and redirecting to HTTPS | Public |
| 443/tcp | NGINX HTTPS listener | Public |
| 8065/tcp | Mattermost web application listener | Private |
| 8067/tcp | Internal Mattermost service endpoint | Private |
| 8074/tcp | Internal Mattermost service endpoint | Private |
| 10025/tcp | Outbound connection for the documented SMTP relay path when that path is used | Outbound only when required |
Apply both the VPS provider’s network rules and the operating-system firewall. Restrict database access to the Mattermost host or the private application network.
Prepare PostgreSQL 14 or newer
Mattermost needs PostgreSQL 14 or later. You can run it on the same VPS for a small installation, place it on a separate private host, or use a managed PostgreSQL service. A separate database reduces contention and makes independent recovery easier, but adds network, access-control, and service costs.
Create a dedicated database and login
Use a database account dedicated to Mattermost rather than a superuser. The following is a pattern to adapt to your security policy; replace the password with a long, randomly generated value and do not put it in shell history or public documentation.
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CREATE DATABASE mattermost;
CREATE USER mmuser WITH PASSWORD 'replace-with-a-long-random-password';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE mattermost TO mmuser;
qRecord the database name, username, password, host, port, and SSL requirements in your secret store. If PostgreSQL is remote, allow connections only from the Mattermost server’s private address and verify the server certificate or other configured transport protection.
Check the connection before installing the application
Confirm that the database is reachable from the application host, that the credentials work, and that the selected PostgreSQL version is 14 or newer. A failed database connection at this stage is easier to diagnose than one discovered after the web service starts.
Install Mattermost from the signed Ubuntu/Debian package
The package path installs Mattermost under /opt/mattermost, creates a mattermost user and group, and supplies a systemd unit. Follow the current Mattermost instructions to add its signed APT repository and key; repository details can change, so do not copy an old key or distribution entry from an unrelated tutorial.
Install and inspect the service
sudo apt update
sudo apt install mattermost
sudo systemctl status mattermostConfigure the database connection and the public site URL in Mattermost’s configuration. The site URL should be the final HTTPS hostname users will visit, not an internal address or the port 8065 URL. Set the database type to PostgreSQL and enter the connection details prepared earlier.
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Start locally before adding the proxy
Start the service and verify it from the server itself:
sudo systemctl start mattermost
curl -I http://127.0.0.1:8065
sudo systemctl enable mattermostA successful local response proves that the application process is listening. It does not prove that DNS, NGINX, certificates, WebSockets, SMTP, or file storage are correct. Keep the service bound to its private interface while you complete those layers.
Upgrade safely
Stop Mattermost before a package upgrade so a running process is not using binaries that the package manager is replacing:
sudo systemctl stop mattermost
sudo apt update
sudo apt install --only-upgrade mattermost
sudo systemctl start mattermost
sudo systemctl status mattermostRead the release notes for database migrations and compatibility requirements, take a fresh backup, and verify the application and integrations after every upgrade.
Configure persistent file storage
Messages and database records are not the same as uploaded files. Choose storage deliberately:
- Local storage: simplest for a small, single-server setup. Put it on persistent disk, monitor free space, and include it in backups.
- S3-compatible object storage: a better fit when files must survive a VPS replacement or grow independently of the application disk. Protect access keys and define lifecycle and retention rules.
- Network storage: useful when several application nodes must see the same files, but latency, locking, availability, and backup behavior must be tested.
Whatever option you select, test uploading, downloading, permissions, and restoration. A database-only backup cannot restore files that were stored elsewhere.
Put NGINX and HTTPS in front
Users should connect to NGINX on ports 80 and 443. NGINX forwards requests to Mattermost on the private application listener, normally 127.0.0.1:8065. TLS terminates at NGINX, and the proxy passes the original host, client-forwarding information, scheme, and WebSocket upgrade headers.
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Basic reverse-proxy shape
Create a dedicated NGINX server block for the Mattermost hostname. The exact certificate directives depend on your certificate client, but the proxy portion should have the following shape:
server {
listen 80;
server_name chat.example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8065;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
}
}Use your real hostname instead of chat.example.com. After adding the TLS-enabled server block, validate the configuration and reload NGINX. Redirect ordinary HTTP requests to HTTPS once certificate issuance and renewal are working.
Why the proxy must be complete
Forwarding only ordinary HTTP requests can make the login page appear functional while breaking real-time message delivery, calls, or other upgraded connections. The forwarded scheme also tells Mattermost whether the original request was secure. Test a fresh login, channel navigation, live messages, file upload, and logout through the public HTTPS hostname.
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DNS
Create an A or AAAA record for the hostname used in the Mattermost site URL and point it to the VPS address. Wait for the record to resolve from outside the server before requesting a certificate. If you change addresses later, update DNS and certificate coverage together.
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Configure an SMTP server or relay only if you need email notifications, invitations, password resets, or other outbound mail. Use authenticated transport and a sender address permitted by the relay. Confirm that the VPS provider allows the required outbound path; the documented relay path may require outbound TCP 10025.
Send a test message after enabling SMTP. Check both Mattermost’s event logs and the relay’s delivery or rejection records. A successful connection does not guarantee that recipient domains will accept the message.
Administrator and onboarding
Complete the initial administrator account through the HTTPS URL, then create teams and configure registration, authentication, and notification policies before inviting users. Do not treat the local port 8065 test page as the production entry point.
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Backups and recovery are part of the deployment
A usable backup covers every state needed to rebuild the service:
- PostgreSQL databases, including roles or other connection metadata required to restore access.
- Mattermost file data, whether on the VPS, object storage, or network storage.
- Mattermost configuration and environment-specific secrets, stored securely.
- Logs needed for incident investigation when your retention policy requires them.
- Plugins and any custom assets on which the deployment depends.
Choose a recovery design
Decide the retention period, off-host destination, encryption, access controls, and recovery-time objective before cutover. A snapshot of one VPS is not enough when files or PostgreSQL live on separate services. Keep at least one copy outside the primary failure domain.
Test restoration
Restore PostgreSQL and the Mattermost data to an isolated host, point a test instance at the restored database, and verify login, channel history, file downloads, plugins, and outbound-mail behavior. Record the time and the commands required. Repeat after major upgrades or storage changes. Backups that have never been restored are an assumption, not a recovery plan.
Security and day-to-day operations
- Apply operating-system and Mattermost security updates on a schedule, with a backup and rollback plan.
- Use least-privilege accounts for SSH, PostgreSQL, object storage, SMTP, and administration.
- Keep application ports 8065, 8067, and 8074 off the public firewall.
- Protect database passwords, object-storage keys, SMTP credentials, and TLS private keys.
- Monitor disk usage, memory, CPU, database health, certificate expiry, backup jobs, and service restarts.
- Set log retention so diagnostics do not fill the VPS disk, while retaining the records required by your policy.
- Document who can perform upgrades, restore backups, rotate secrets, and change DNS.
For higher assurance, place PostgreSQL and file storage on separate private services, restrict administrative access through a VPN or bastion, and alert on unexpected public-port changes.
When a single VPS is no longer enough
A single package installation is a sensible starting architecture, but it has one application host and usually one failure domain. Move toward a high-availability design when downtime, maintenance windows, or growth make that limitation unacceptable.
Production HA planning can require multiple Mattermost nodes, shared file storage, a highly available PostgreSQL topology, Redis caching, search services, load balancing, and the applicable Mattermost plan. The Kubernetes Operator is intended for production high availability and rolling operations, but it introduces substantial infrastructure and licensing or plan complexity. Do not add a cluster merely because it is fashionable; add it when a defined availability or scaling requirement pays for the operational cost.
Quick Recap
Troubleshooting by symptom
The local check fails on port 8065
- Inspect
sudo systemctl status mattermostand the service logs. - Check the database host, port, database name, username, password, and PostgreSQL version.
- Verify ownership and permissions under
/opt/mattermostand on the configured file-storage path. - Confirm that the service is listening on the address and port expected by NGINX.
The site works locally but not through the hostname
- Confirm DNS resolves to the current VPS address.
- Check that the firewall allows 80 and 443 and that NGINX is listening on both.
- Validate the NGINX configuration and certificate chain.
- Verify that the proxy target is reachable from NGINX and that the site URL uses the same HTTPS hostname.
Messages or calls do not update in real time
- Check the WebSocket upgrade headers and HTTP/1.1 proxy settings.
- Ensure the public connection remains on HTTPS and that the forwarded scheme is correct.
- Look for timeouts or connection limits in NGINX and any provider firewall between the client and VPS.
Uploads fail or disappear after a restore
- Check the configured storage backend, credentials, available capacity, and write permissions.
- Confirm that the backup included file data as well as PostgreSQL.
- Restore the storage to the path or bucket expected by the application before starting the test instance.
Email is not delivered
- Review Mattermost logs and the SMTP relay response.
- Verify authentication, encryption, sender authorization, DNS records, and the permitted outbound port.
- Test with more than one recipient domain to distinguish a local configuration error from recipient-side filtering.
Go-live checklist
- Run a supported 64-bit Ubuntu or Debian release with current security updates.
- Confirm the VPS has at least 1 vCPU and 2 GB RAM, then add headroom for files, search, calls, integrations, and concurrency.
- Use PostgreSQL 14 or newer with a dedicated Mattermost database account.
- Install the signed package and verify the service locally on port 8065.
- Configure persistent file storage and include it in the backup design.
- Point DNS to the VPS and issue a certificate for the production hostname.
- Expose only NGINX on 80/443; keep 8065, 8067, and 8074 private.
- Configure and test SMTP if email features are required.
- Create the administrator account through HTTPS and apply registration and authentication policies.
- Back up PostgreSQL, files, configuration, logs, and plugins to an off-host destination.
- Perform a documented restore before inviting users.
- Record upgrade, rollback, secret-rotation, and incident contacts.
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