Put one absolute HTTP(S) URL on each row of a CSV, have a script validate and capture each row, then run that script on a recurring schedule. Playwright is a good fit when you need browser control or per-page logic; shot-scraper is a simpler CLI option for declarative batches. GitHub Actions can run either workflow on a cron schedule.
Choose a workflow that fits the pages
| Approach | Best fit | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| Playwright | Pages need authentication, browser actions, custom waits, or per-URL logic. | You write and maintain the CSV parser, capture loop, and error handling. |
| shot-scraper | A CLI and configuration file cover the capture needs. | CSV rows need to be transformed into its documented multi-shot configuration or processed by a wrapper; arbitrary CSV ingestion is not established as a native feature. |
Both methods need a scheduler. The examples below use GitHub Actions, whose scheduled workflow uses POSIX cron syntax, defaults to UTC, can run as often as every five minutes, and executes against the latest commit on the default branch. See GitHub’s schedule event documentation.
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Prepare a reliable CSV
Use a header called url and one absolute URL per non-empty row:
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https://example.com/
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Define what counts as a valid row before scheduling. Skip or report blank lines, reject values that are not HTTP(S) URLs, and record failures rather than allowing one bad page to hide the status of the rest of the batch. A useful manifest records the CSV row number, source URL, output filename, capture time, and any error.
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Choose output names that cannot collide. A hostname-only name would overwrite or confuse captures of different paths on the same site. Add a row number, path-derived slug, or run date. Decide whether each run replaces the latest image or preserves an archive.
Capture a CSV with Playwright
Playwright provides browser navigation and screenshot APIs, but CSV parsing and scheduling are your script’s responsibilities. This runnable Python example reads urls.csv, validates each row, saves one PNG per URL, and writes a JSON-lines manifest with success or failure for each entry.
Install the browser runtime
Commit the following as requirements.txt:
playwright
Install the package and Chromium in the runner or development environment:
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python -m pip install -r requirements.txt
python -m playwright install --with-deps chromium
Save the capture script
Save this as capture_csv.py. It takes viewport screenshots by default; pass --full-page to capture the full scrollable page. Each row gets a distinct output name, even when URLs share a host.
import argparse
import csv
import json
import re
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from pathlib import Path
from urllib.parse import urlparse
from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright
def valid_url(value):
try:
parsed = urlparse(value)
return parsed.scheme in ("http", "https") and bool(parsed.netloc)
except ValueError:
return False
def safe_name(value):
name = re.sub(r"[^A-Za-z0-9._-]+", "-", value).strip("-._")
return name[:80] or "page"
def main():
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("csv_file", nargs="?", default="urls.csv")
parser.add_argument("--out", default="screenshots")
parser.add_argument("--full-page", action="store_true")
parser.add_argument("--timeout-ms", type=int, default=45000)
args = parser.parse_args()
output = Path(args.out)
output.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
manifest = output / "manifest.jsonl"
rows = []
with open(args.csv_file, newline="", encoding="utf-8-sig") as file:
reader = csv.DictReader(file)
if not reader.fieldnames or "url" not in reader.fieldnames:
raise SystemExit("CSV must have a header named 'url'")
for row_number, row in enumerate(reader, start=2):
url = (row.get("url") or "").strip()
if not url:
rows.append((row_number, url, "", "blank URL"))
elif not valid_url(url):
rows.append((row_number, url, "", "invalid HTTP(S) URL"))
else:
host = safe_name(urlparse(url).hostname or "page")
rows.append((row_number, url, f"{row_number:04d}-{host}.png", None))
with sync_playwright() as playwright, open(manifest, "w", encoding="utf-8") as log:
browser = playwright.chromium.launch()
page = browser.new_page(viewport={"width": 1440, "height": 900})
for row_number, url, filename, error in rows:
record = {
"row": row_number,
"url": url,
"file": filename or None,
"captured_at": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
}
if error:
record["error"] = error
else:
try:
response = page.goto(
url, wait_until="networkidle", timeout=args.timeout_ms
)
if response is not None and response.status >= 400:
raise RuntimeError(f"HTTP {response.status}")
page.screenshot(
path=str(output / filename),
full_page=args.full_page,
)
record["status"] = "captured"
except Exception as exc:
record["status"] = "failed"
record["error"] = str(exc)
log.write(json.dumps(record, ensure_ascii=False) + "n")
log.flush()
browser.close()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Run it locally with:
python capture_csv.py urls.csv --out screenshots --full-page
The script records an individual error and moves on to the next URL. Review screenshots/manifest.jsonl to detect partial batches; a scheduled run should not be treated as complete merely because the workflow itself finished.
Use shot-scraper for a configuration-driven batch
shot-scraper is designed for automated website screenshots and documents multi-shot configuration. Its documentation does not establish arbitrary CSV parsing as built-in, so convert the CSV rows to the documented configuration format or write a wrapper that invokes the tool once per validated row. See the shot-scraper documentation for current CLI and batch configuration details.
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For file naming, provide explicit outputs when you need predictable names. The documentation notes that if its default output name already exists, shot-scraper chooses a numbered suffix; this can be useful for avoiding overwrite but may not match an archive or latest-only policy.
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Schedule the script with GitHub Actions
Commit urls.csv, capture_csv.py, and requirements.txt to a repository, then add .github/workflows/screenshots.yml. This example runs daily at 06:00 UTC, installs the dependencies, captures the CSV, and uploads the output directory as an artifact.
name: Scheduled screenshots
on:
schedule:
- cron: '0 6 * * *'
workflow_dispatch:
jobs:
capture:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: actions/setup-python@v5
with:
python-version: '3.12'
- run: python -m pip install -r requirements.txt
- run: python -m playwright install --with-deps chromium
- run: python capture_csv.py urls.csv --out screenshots --full-page
- uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: screenshots
path: screenshots/
if-no-files-found: error
Change the cron expression to the time and frequency you need. GitHub Actions schedule times are UTC, and scheduled workflows run from the latest commit on the default branch. Its documentation gives the cron format, minimum interval, and schedule behavior at the schedule event reference. A shot-scraper workflow example also shows installing the tool and browser, running configured captures, and optionally committing resulting files: shot-scraper documentation.
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Choose capture scope and make runs comparable
Viewport or full page
A viewport capture is bounded and generally quicker. A full-page image includes the scrollable document and can be much taller and larger. Some sites load content only after scrolling, waiting, or interaction; test those pages specifically rather than assuming a full-page option triggers every site’s lazy-loading behavior.
Wait for the page you need
The example waits for network idle, which can time out on pages with persistent network activity. For pages with predictable application behavior, a selector-based readiness condition can be more reliable; choose a condition that indicates the content you intend to capture is visible. Avoid treating a timeout as a successful screenshot.
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Playwright notes that screenshot rendering can differ with the host operating system, browser version, settings, hardware, power conditions, and headless mode. Keep the runner and browser version consistent when comparing captures over time. A visual difference is evidence of a difference in rendered output, not proof by itself that the website changed.
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Troubleshoot incomplete or unexpected captures
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to do |
|---|---|---|
| Script exits before processing URLs | Missing url CSV header, unreadable file, or malformed CSV. |
Check that the first row contains url, save as UTF-8, and verify the file path passed to the script. |
| Some rows have no image | Blank or invalid URL, blocked automation, authentication, HTTP error, or navigation timeout. | Inspect that row’s manifest record; correct the URL, provide the required authentication flow, or adjust the timeout/readiness strategy. |
| Screenshot is blank or misses content | Page not ready, delayed content, or content appears only after scrolling or interaction. | Wait for a meaningful selector or perform the required action before capture; test long and dynamic pages separately. |
| Page navigation hangs at network idle | Persistent network requests prevent the selected readiness state. | Use a page-specific selector or another appropriate wait condition instead of relying on network idle for that target. |
| Images overwrite or get confusing suffixes | Output names collide, or default naming behavior differs from the archive policy. | Include row number, path slug, or run date in explicit names and decide whether runs replace or retain prior captures. |
| Scheduled workflow does not run when expected | Cron time was interpreted as local time, workflow changes are not on the default branch, or scheduled execution is delayed. | Use UTC when setting the cron expression, verify the workflow is on the default branch, and inspect the Actions run history. |
Protect outputs and control operational cost
A failed URL should be visible as a per-row failure, not silently omitted from a seemingly successful batch. Keep the manifest with the images so you can identify which targets failed and when. If pages require authentication, store credentials in the scheduler’s secret mechanism rather than in the CSV or source code.
Check whether screenshots contain private or authenticated material before retaining or publishing them. Avoid committing sensitive captures to a public repository; restrict artifact access and retention as appropriate. Full-page images can consume more storage than viewport captures, so set an archive and retention policy that matches your comparison needs.
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