Revoke the exposed credential at its issuer first, then invalidate any sessions it created, preserve and query logs, and replace the secret only after containment. An automated breach is not contained merely because one key file was deleted. A long-lived key, a short-lived token derived from an active session, cached credentials in a build runner, and a second copy in source control can all have different lifecycles.
This guide gives a provider-neutral response sequence, then explains the controls and evidence available in GitHub, Amazon Web Services (AWS) Bedrock, and Google Cloud. It also shows how to stop CI/CD consumers, determine what the attacker did, and reduce the chance that the next leaked credential becomes an incident.
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What to do first: a 15-minute containment sequence
Move quickly, but do not destroy evidence while trying to clean up. Assign one incident lead and have a second person verify each irreversible action. Use UTC for every timestamp.
- Declare the incident and preserve evidence. Record the detection time, suspected exposure location, key ID or token fingerprint, affected account, project or organization, and the responders taking action. Export or protect source-control, CI/CD, cloud-audit, API, secret-manager, and billing logs before retention windows or cleanup jobs alter them.
- Inventory the credential. Identify the issuer, principal, permissions, environments, projects, services, repositories, deployment jobs, and secret stores that can use it. Search source repositories, pull-request artifacts, build logs, environment variables, container layers, deployment manifests, local configuration, and secret-manager versions for copies.
- Contain at the issuer. Disable, revoke, delete, reset, or deny the credential according to its type. If the provider supports only identity- or policy-level denial for a short-lived credential, use that control rather than assuming the individual token can be deleted.
- Invalidate related sessions. Persistent keys and the sessions or OAuth tokens issued from them can have separate lifetimes. Revoke or expire active sessions, refresh tokens, workload identities, and cached credentials where the provider allows it.
- Begin a parallel audit. Query logs for the exposure window and continue monitoring after revocation. Look for successful and denied calls, unusual locations or user agents, privilege changes, new credentials, data reads, writes, deletions, and persistence.
- Prepare replacement, not yet deployment. Create a least-privilege replacement in the approved secret manager, map every consumer, and stage a controlled rollout. Do not overwrite the only copy of the old evidence before the investigation is complete.
Inventory the blast radius before choosing a revocation action
A key’s name is not its scope. Build a one-page inventory that connects the credential to the identities, policies, resources, and automation that could use it.
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| Inventory item | Questions to answer | Why it changes the response |
|---|---|---|
| Issuer and credential family | Which provider issued it? Is it a long-term key, short-lived token, OAuth access token, refresh token, deploy key, app token, or CI-generated token? | Each family has different revocation and expiration controls. |
| Principal | Which user, service account, role, application, or workload identity owns it? | Denying the principal may stop several credentials, while deleting one key may stop only one path. |
| Scope | Which projects, organizations, repositories, APIs, data sets, and environments are reachable? What read, write, administrative, or billing permissions exist? | Scope determines whether a single-key action is sufficient or a broader policy denial is safer. |
| Consumers | Which scripts, runners, containers, serverless jobs, scheduled tasks, and deployment systems load the value? | Every consumer must be updated after replacement; otherwise the old secret will reappear or the deployment will fail. |
| Exposure evidence | When and where did the value appear? Was it public, accessible to a contractor, present in a build artifact, or copied into a log? | The earliest possible exposure time defines the audit window and helps estimate whether other copies exist. |
Search by the key identifier or a provider-specific fingerprint where possible. Searching only for the complete secret can miss masked logs, truncated values, encoded copies, or configuration that references a secret-manager path instead of containing the value.
Revoke or deny the credential at its issuer
Long-term credentials
A long-term key remains usable until it is disabled, deleted, reset, or blocked by policy. Prefer a reversible disable or policy denial when you need to preserve evidence and keep a recovery option; use permanent deletion once replacement is verified and retention requirements are satisfied. If the provider offers a reset operation that creates a new secret while invalidating the old one, record the resulting key ID and time.
Short-lived credentials and active sessions
A short-lived token may be a signed URL, an access token, or a credential derived from a still-valid session. Deleting a persistent key does not necessarily invalidate tokens already issued from it. Revoke the generating session, deny the identity, invalidate refresh tokens, and stop workloads that cache the token. Continue checking logs until the token’s maximum lifetime has passed and no successful use is observed.
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AWS Bedrock distinguishes long-term API keys from short-term keys. Long-term keys can be deactivated temporarily, reset to generate a new password, deleted permanently, or restricted through IAM policies. A short-term Bedrock key is a presigned URL that inherits the generating session’s credentials and expiration; the individual short-term key cannot be deactivated or deleted. In that case, invalidate the generating IAM session or deny the identity before expiry.
AWS states: “If your API key becomes compromised, you should revoke permissions to use it.” Treat that as the containment point, not as the end of the investigation. Review the identity’s policies, cross-account roles, and resource permissions before restoring access.
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GitHub credentials
GitHub provides a REST revocation endpoint for exposed personal access tokens, fine-grained tokens, OAuth app tokens, GitHub App user-to-server tokens, and refresh tokens. Revocation is irreversible: GitHub cannot reactivate a revoked credential, and scripts, CI/CD pipelines, and other automated processes using it will stop working until new credentials are created and, where necessary, re-authorized.
For an account-level emergency, GitHub documents revoking all SSO authorizations or deleting all keys and tokens. For an enterprise incident, choose the narrowest scope supported by the evidence: one member’s authorizations, one credential type across the enterprise, or credentials for all members. Enterprise audit records include events such as org_credential_authorization.deauthorize, org_credential_authorization.revoke, and personal_access_token.access_revoked.
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Do not assume a broad enterprise action covers every GitHub credential. GitHub App installation tokens, deploy keys, and Actions GITHUB_TOKEN are not affected by the broad actions described above; investigate and revoke those separately if they may have been exposed.
Google Cloud keys and service accounts
Google Cloud treats API keys as bearer credentials: possession can permit use of the associated service-account access, and the key can obscure the end user in audit logs. Apply API-key restrictions, delete an unneeded key, or rotate it according to the service-account response plan. A compromised service account requires two tracks: remove persistent key files and address short-lived access tokens, OAuth tokens, workload identities, and active sessions that may still be valid.
Invalidate sessions, caches, and secondary credentials
After issuer-side revocation, enumerate credentials that were minted, exchanged, or cached by the exposed identity.
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- Revoke refresh tokens and active OAuth sessions where supported.
- Terminate cloud sessions and role assumptions created by the principal.
- Disable workload identities or service-account impersonation paths that can mint new tokens.
- Stop runners, jobs, containers, and scheduled tasks that may continue retrying with the old value.
- Remove the secret from environment variables, process supervisors, mounted files, container layers, artifact stores, and local credential caches.
- Check proxies, API gateways, signing services, and internal token-exchange systems for copies or derived credentials.
Keep a record of which invalidation mechanism was used. A failed logout, an expired session, and an explicit identity denial have different evidence value and different time-to-containment.
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Preserve logs before changing permissions, then query the full period from the earliest plausible exposure through a post-revocation monitoring window. The window should include the credential’s maximum token and session lifetime.
| Evidence source | Look for | Record |
|---|---|---|
| Cloud audit logs | Role assumptions, policy edits, new users or keys, secret reads, administrative calls, and resource changes | Principal, source IP, user agent, region, request ID, action, resource, result, and UTC timestamp |
| API gateway and service logs | Unexpected endpoints, high-volume reads, export operations, denied calls, and calls after revocation | Credential fingerprint, route, status, latency, client identity, and response size where available |
| Source-control audit and security logs | Token use, repository access, permission changes, branch or workflow edits, new keys, and organization authorization events | Actor, repository, event type, IP or network, and affected organization or enterprise |
| CI/CD logs | Jobs running outside their schedule, changed workflow files, altered runners, artifact downloads, and secret-access events | Workflow, commit, runner, environment, job ID, secret reference, and output destination |
| Secret-manager logs | Reads, version changes, exports, policy edits, and access from unfamiliar workloads | Caller, secret version, operation, source location, and result |
| Billing, quota, and usage data | Unexpected spend, request spikes, new regions, unusual model or storage use, and quota exhaustion | Account, service, meter, time range, amount or count, and linked request evidence |
Search for calls from unexpected IP ranges, geographies, user agents, repositories, workloads, or hours. Review both successful and denied calls: repeated denials can reveal automated probing, while a single successful permission change may explain later activity. Flag new credentials, policy edits, role assumptions, data reads, writes, deletions, and persistence mechanisms. After revocation, alert on any successful call using the old fingerprint and investigate immediately.
Use provider-specific audit and access controls
AWS
Use credential reports to enumerate configured identities and key state. Review IAM policies and cross-account roles, remove people and roles that no longer need access, and use IAM Access Analyzer to identify unintended external access. Configure CloudWatch alarms for relevant API calls and preserve the alarm history with the incident record.
AWS guidance recommends dynamically generated temporary credentials instead of static IAM access keys. When a long-term key is unavoidable, the current AWS Well-Architected guidance sets a maximum rotation interval of 90 days. That interval is a ceiling, not a reason to postpone rotation after suspicious activity.
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GitHub
Use the credential-revocation operation that matches the exposed token family, then record the irreversible action and its audit event. Map every failed automation before creating replacements: a revoked token can stop deployments, package publishing, scheduled maintenance, and repository integrations at the same time. Check app installation tokens, deploy keys, and GITHUB_TOKEN independently because they are outside the broad enterprise revocation actions noted above.
Google Cloud
Apply API-key restrictions, separate keys by application and team member, monitor and log key use, delete unneeded keys, and rotate remaining keys periodically. For a service-account incident, inspect persistent key files and short-lived access tokens together. Review audit records for impersonation and workload-identity use so a deleted file does not create a false sense of closure.
Replace the credential and roll it out safely
- Define the required permissions. Remove unused services, resources, write actions, administrative actions, and cross-account access before generating the replacement.
- Create a new credential. Use a separate key or identity for each application and environment. Do not reuse the compromised value or copy its broad policy unchanged.
- Store it centrally. Put the value in the approved secrets manager with access logging, versioning, and an owner. Avoid committing it to source control, embedding it in images, or printing it during builds.
- Update every consumer. Change scripts, CI/CD variables, deployment manifests, scheduled jobs, containers, serverless configuration, local development instructions, and third-party integrations that legitimately need the credential.
- Test through the real deployment path. Use a non-production or narrowly scoped validation job first. Confirm authentication, required API calls, denied out-of-scope calls, rollback behavior, and log visibility.
- Deploy in stages. Roll out to one workload or environment, watch errors and audit events, then continue. Keep the old credential disabled while validating; re-enabling it creates an avoidable race.
- Verify removal. Search repositories, build output, images, runner caches, configuration stores, and process environments for the old identifier or fingerprint. Confirm no successful use after revocation.
Stop CI/CD from using a compromised token
CI/CD often multiplies a leak because one variable can be copied into many runners and artifacts. Treat the pipeline as a separate containment surface.
- Disable or pause workflows that use the exposed secret, especially scheduled and self-hosted-runner jobs.
- Revoke the token at its issuer before editing pipeline files so a queued job cannot race the cleanup.
- Invalidate runner-level caches, workspace files, artifact bundles, and diagnostic logs that may contain the value.
- Search workflow definitions, reusable workflows, deployment scripts, infrastructure code, and environment-level variables for the old secret reference.
- Review workflow-file changes, runner registration, permission changes, artifact downloads, and outbound network destinations during the exposure window.
- Issue a replacement with the minimum repository, package, cloud, or deployment permissions required by that job.
- Run a controlled test, then monitor for failures caused by missed consumers. A failure is preferable to silently restoring a broad credential.
For GitHub specifically, revoked tokens stop working in scripts and CI/CD until replacement and re-authorization are completed. Preserve the failed-job records because they establish when automation stopped and can reveal any job that still holds a stale copy.
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When several controls are available, compare them before acting. The fastest action is not always the safest long-term action.
| Method | Containment speed | Reversibility | Typical blast radius | Automation impact | Best use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temporary disable | Immediate when supported | Usually reversible | One key | Stops every consumer of that key | First containment when evidence is still being preserved |
| IAM or policy denial | Immediate after policy propagation | Reversible by policy change | Identity, role, project, or service | Can stop multiple credentials and legitimate workloads | Short-lived tokens or uncertain key copies |
| Permanent deletion or revocation | Immediate | Not reversible for some providers | Credential or authorization | Requires replacement and re-authorization | Confirmed exposure after replacement planning |
| Session and refresh-token invalidation | Depends on provider propagation | Generally requires new login or token issuance | Active sessions derived from the identity | Can interrupt interactive users and workloads | Short-lived tokens, OAuth, and service-account incidents |
| Enterprise-wide credential action | Fast but disruptive | Often irreversible | Credential type or all members | Potentially broad outage | Evidence of organization-wide exposure or high uncertainty |
Evaluate each option against evidence preservation, auditability, credential lifetime, affected principals, expected downtime, and the ability to prove that old credentials are no longer accepted.
Common failure modes and recovery
Deleting a key but leaving a live session
Symptom: calls continue after deletion. Recovery: identify the session, refresh token, workload identity, or cached credential that minted the calls; invalidate that source and monitor until its maximum lifetime has elapsed.
Rotating without finding every consumer
Symptom: deployments, scheduled jobs, or integrations fail intermittently. Recovery: use secret-manager access logs, failed-job records, repository search, and configuration inventories to find the missed consumer. Give each workload an owner and migrate it to the new secret version.
Using a broad kill switch unnecessarily
Symptom: a whole organization or production estate is offline even though one credential was exposed. Recovery: restore only verified, least-privilege access after reviewing audit evidence. Document why the broad action was necessary and what narrower control will prevent a repeat.
Cleaning logs before exporting them
Symptom: the team cannot establish what the attacker accessed. Recovery: preserve immutable exports, retention settings, request IDs, and billing data before changing policies or deleting artifacts. Record any gap rather than treating missing data as proof of no activity.
Assuming a denied call means the incident is over
Symptom: repeated attempts or a later successful call appear after the first denial. Recovery: keep post-revocation alerts active, investigate alternate credentials and identities, and check whether policy propagation or a separate token path allowed the success.
Post-incident controls that reduce recurrence
- Prefer temporary or federated credentials over static, long-lived keys.
- Isolate credentials by application, environment, and team member so one leak has a bounded blast radius.
- Grant only the API actions and resources each workload needs; separate read, write, deployment, and administrative identities.
- Apply API-key restrictions and monitor usage continuously.
- Delete unused keys and remove people, roles, integrations, and cross-account trust that no longer have a business need.
- Set alerts for unusual locations, user agents, request volumes, privilege changes, new credentials, policy edits, and calls made with a revoked fingerprint.
- Rotate long-term AWS IAM access keys no less frequently than the 90-day maximum recommended when temporary credentials cannot be used; rotate sooner when risk or policy requires it.
- Exercise the revocation runbook, including CI/CD recovery, so responders know which action is irreversible and which deployment must be re-authorized.
Incident record checklist
- Key or token identifier and fingerprint
- Issuer, principal, project, organization, and environments
- Permissions, creation time, last-use data, and suspected exposure time
- Source-control, cloud-audit, API-gateway, CI/CD, secret-manager, billing, and quota exports
- Unexpected IP ranges, user agents, geographies, workloads, repositories, and time periods
- Successful and denied calls, privilege changes, new credentials, policy edits, role assumptions, reads, writes, deletions, and persistence
- Every disable, denial, revocation, deletion, replacement, deployment, and validation step with a UTC timestamp and responsible operator
- Post-revocation monitoring results, including any continued attempts with the old credential
Bottom line
Contain at the issuer, not in the repository where the leak was found. Treat persistent keys, active sessions, refresh tokens, and workload identities as separate objects; preserve logs before cleanup; audit the entire exposure window; then issue a least-privilege replacement and update every automation consumer. The durable fix is a combination of short-lived or federated credentials, isolated application identities, restrictive policies, and monitoring that can prove an old credential is no longer being accepted.
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