Treat AI-generated kernel code as an untrusted draft. Before submission, a human contributor must understand and be able to defend every changed line, verify licensing and integration, run static and dynamic tests appropriate to the risk, disclose meaningful tool assistance, and add their own Signed-off-by:. The AI system must not add that sign-off.
The workflow below turns an AI-assisted change into evidence a maintainer can review: establish provenance, inspect the complete diff, check kernel-specific correctness, run mechanical and configuration tests, exercise concurrency and failure paths, prove any claimed bug and fix, then prepare an accurate commit and attribution trail.
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What responsibility does an AI-assisted kernel contributor have?
The Linux kernel’s AI guidance places responsibility on the human submitter. You must review all generated code, meet licensing obligations, and accept responsibility for the patch. A tool cannot certify that a change is correct, safe, compatible with every supported configuration, or legally usable.
That responsibility includes generated documentation, commit messages, scripts, and test code when they are part of the submission. If you cannot explain why a line exists, what invariant it preserves, and how it behaves on error or teardown paths, do not submit it yet. The kernel’s tool-generated-content guidance states that contributors are expected to understand and defend everything they submit.
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- Use the model as a drafting or analysis aid, not as an authority.
- Review the entire patch, including lines the model did not describe in its summary.
- Re-run tests yourself and retain enough detail to report what was and was not tested.
- Take ownership of the final code, commit message, tags, and disclosure.
1. Establish provenance and the exact scope
Start a record before editing the generated output. For a meaningful amount of AI-created or AI-transformed content, put the provenance in the cover letter or changelog so maintainers can judge how much scrutiny is warranted. If you are unsure whether the amount is meaningful, disclose it rather than minimizing it.
Record the tool and transformation
- Name each model, coding assistant, or specialized analysis tool that materially produced or changed code.
- Save the meaningful prompts, or a concise summary when a session is too long to reproduce verbatim.
- List files, functions, or generated hunks that came from the tool, including code later rewritten by hand.
- Record the compiler, static-analysis tools, kernel revision, configuration fragments, hardware, and test commands used for verification.
Provenance is not a substitute for review. It tells maintainers where to look and prevents an apparently hand-written patch from hiding a larger generated change. Maintainers may request more explanation or testing, and they may reject work that the submitter cannot explain.
Define one logical change
State the problem in one sentence and identify the intended subsystem and files. Separate unrelated cleanup, formatting changes, speculative refactors, and generated documentation from the fix. A patch series should leave each intermediate patch buildable and understandable. If the model changed several areas while exploring a solution, split or discard changes until every patch has one independently justifiable purpose.
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Check out the intended base commit and inspect the complete diff with context. Do not review only the model’s summary, a pull-request view that hides unchanged context, or the final squashed result when a series will be submitted.
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- Confirm the base revision and verify that no unrelated local changes are included.
- Read every added, removed, and moved line, then inspect surrounding callers, data structures, and teardown paths.
- Trace each new function from entry points to return, error, timeout, interrupt, and release paths.
- Check that dependent changes appear in the same series or are already present in the base tree.
- Build each intermediate patch when the series has multiple commits; a later patch must not hide a broken earlier one.
- Ask whether the diff solves the stated problem without changing an undocumented interface or behavior.
Look for plausible-sounding code that is never reached, error labels that now free an object twice, reordered operations that violate an existing lock contract, and comments that describe an older implementation. A clean-looking diff can still break a remote architecture, a module build, suspend/resume, or a rarely used ioctl.
3. Review kernel correctness and integration details
AI output often compiles in a narrow context while violating kernel conventions. Review the following areas deliberately rather than assuming a successful build proves correctness.
Headers, interfaces, and coding style
- Include the header that declares every facility used; do not rely on transitive includes that may disappear.
- Apply kernel coding style, naming, formatting, declaration rules, and error-handling conventions.
- Check integer widths, signedness, overflow, alignment, endianness, and user-versus-kernel pointer conversions.
- Validate copy-to-user and copy-from-user lengths, access checks, ioctl numbering, and compatibility behavior for 32-bit user space.
Lifetime, ownership, and concurrency
- Follow reference-count ownership through every success, failure, cancellation, and device-removal path.
- Verify that objects remain alive while work queues, timers, interrupts, RCU readers, or asynchronous callbacks can access them.
- Check lock ordering, lock scope, nested locking, interrupt context, and whether a path can sleep while holding a spinlock or in atomic context.
- Examine wait queues, completions, wakeups, timeouts, and cancellation for lost wakeups and use-after-free races.
- For RCU changes, identify grace-period requirements and confirm that readers and reclaimers use matching primitives.
- Review DMA mappings, cache coherency, ownership transfer, barriers, and synchronization with devices.
Every new or changed memory barrier needs a nearby comment explaining the ordering guarantee, the parties it coordinates, and why a weaker operation is insufficient. A barrier inserted without that reasoning is a maintenance hazard even if a stress test passes.
Kconfig, documentation, and user-visible behavior
- Review new symbols, defaults, dependencies, help text, and valid combinations with related options.
- Check built-in and module behavior, including initialization and exit ordering.
- Update kernel-doc for exported interfaces and any documentation required for
/proc, boot parameters, module parameters, ABI files, or ioctls. - Confirm that user-visible names, formats, permissions, and compatibility promises are intentional.
4. Run mechanical checks, then apply human judgment
Automated checks are baseline evidence, not approval. The kernel submission guidance describes the style checker as a guide rather than a replacement for human judgment.
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| Check | How to run it | How to interpret the result |
|---|---|---|
| Patch style | scripts/checkpatch.pl against the patch |
Treat every ERROR, WARNING, and CHECK as a review prompt. Fix it or explain in the review record why it is intentional. |
| Type and address analysis | Build the affected code with sparse enabled | Investigate address-space, locking, annotation, and type diagnostics instead of suppressing them reflexively. |
| Stack usage | make checkstack after building |
The checklist treats functions using more than 512 bytes of stack as candidates for change; inspect large frames and call chains. |
| Compiler warnings | Build relevant targets with make KCFLAGS=-W |
Resolve new warnings and distinguish baseline warnings from regressions in your report. |
Run checks on the final rebased patch, not only on an early generated draft. Preserve command lines and relevant output so a maintainer can reproduce the result.
5. Build a configuration and architecture matrix
One successful build demonstrates only one configuration. Select a matrix based on the change surface, then document skipped combinations and why they were infeasible.
Required configuration coverage
- Set affected options to
y,m, andnwhere each state is valid. - Run
allnoconfigandallmodconfigto expose missing dependencies and module-only assumptions. - Use an out-of-tree build such as
O=builddirso generated files do not contaminate the source tree. - Build documentation whenever files under
Documentation/change. - Exercise relevant subsystem combinations, including options such as
CONFIG_SMP,CONFIG_SYSFS,CONFIG_PROC_FS,CONFIG_PCI,CONFIG_BLOCK,CONFIG_PM,CONFIG_NET, and related module settings.
Cross-architecture coverage
Cross-build for architectures with different word sizes and endianness. This catches assumptions about pointer truncation, structure layout, alignment, byte order, atomic widths, and architecture-specific barriers. A driver or core change that only builds on the developer’s machine has weak evidence of portability.
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| Driver or DMA path | Different word sizes, endianness, module and built-in states, and the relevant bus option. |
| Core locking or scheduler code | SMP and non-SMP builds, preemption variants, lock annotations, and warning-enabled compilation. |
| Filesystem, block, or networking code | Subsystem options enabled and disabled, module combinations, documentation, and user-visible ABI review. |
| Kconfig or cross-cutting refactor | allnoconfig, allmodconfig, affected defaults, dependency resolution, and multiple architectures. |
Do not claim that every theoretical combination was built. State exactly which matrix entries ran and which could not be built.
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6. Exercise runtime, concurrency, and failure paths
Static analysis cannot prove that a wakeup is not lost, a lock is never inverted, or an object survives an asynchronous callback. Boot and exercise the changed paths with debugging configurations selected for the subsystem.
Debug and scheduling variants
- Test with and without SMP and PREEMPT where the code supports those variants.
- Enable applicable options such as
DEBUG_PREEMPT,SLUB_DEBUG,DEBUG_PAGEALLOC, mutex and spinlock debugging,DEBUG_ATOMIC_SLEEP,PROVE_RCU, and RCU object debugging. - Enable lockdep features relevant to the locks touched by the patch.
- Exercise suspend, resume, hot-unplug, module unload, reset, timeout, and shutdown paths when the subsystem exposes them.
Fault injection and stress
- Inject slab-allocation failures and page-allocation failures at points where the new code allocates or expands state.
- Repeat open, close, bind, unbind, probe, remove, and concurrent operation sequences to expose leaks and races.
- Run workload stress long enough to cover retries, queue pressure, interrupts, and recovery paths rather than only the happy path.
- Test against the most recent
linux-nexttag when practical, especially for changes that interact with active subsystem work.
Tailor the runtime matrix to the code. A documentation-only edit does not need a scheduler stress run, while a lock, memory-management, storage, or network change generally needs more than a boot test. Record the kernel configuration, hardware or virtual platform, workload, duration, and observed result.
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If the patch claims to fix a nontrivial bug found by an AI system, create a minimal reproducer before presenting the diagnosis as fact. The reproducer should isolate the triggering input, configuration, timing, or interleaving and should fail on the unfixed base revision.
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- Run the reproducer on the base commit and capture the failure, warning, trace, or incorrect result.
- Confirm that the symptom is caused by the suspected path rather than an unrelated environment problem.
- Apply the proposed fix and rerun the same reproducer under the same conditions.
- Verify that the failure disappears without introducing warnings, leaks, races, or behavior changes in neighboring paths.
- Repeat the analysis if the bug does not reproduce. If evidence makes the diagnosis look invalid, stop and do not report it as a confirmed defect.
Include what could not be reproduced, built, or tested. A transparent limitation is stronger than a claim that implies coverage you did not obtain.
8. Prepare a patch maintainers can evaluate
Write a self-contained commit message
Explain the user-visible or system impact, the mechanism that causes the problem, and why the proposed solution addresses that mechanism. Describe important alternatives rejected and any behavior that intentionally remains unchanged. Keep the prose understandable without access to your chat session.
Use one logical change per patch. Add relevant Fixes:, Closes:, or Link: tags when they accurately identify prior work, reports, or discussion. Do not add tags merely because a model suggested them; verify each reference.
Select recipients deliberately
- Read
MAINTAINERSfor the affected files and subsystem. - Inspect source history to find maintainers and reviewers who have worked on the code.
- Run
scripts/get_maintainer.plon the final patch. - Remove unrelated recipients and avoid sending private or sensitive details to public lists.
- Respond to review comments with code or changelog updates, then rerun checks affected by the revision.
9. Sign-off, attribution, and security routing
Signed-off-by
The human submitter adds their own Signed-off-by: after reviewing and accepting responsibility under the kernel’s contribution process. An AI assistant must not add this line. Do not copy a model-generated sign-off or treat one as evidence that the code was reviewed.
Assisted-by disclosure
Add an Assisted-by: line when AI or a specialized analysis tool materially assisted the work. The documented form is Assisted-by: LLM [TOOL1] [TOOL2], with the actual tools named. Specialized tools such as coccinelle, sparse, smatch, or clang-tidy may be identified when they contributed analysis. Ordinary git, gcc, make, and editors are not normally listed as assisted-by agents.
For substantial generated content, also describe provenance in the cover letter or changelog: what was generated, what was rewritten, and how it was verified. Keep attribution factual; it should help reviewers understand the patch rather than advertise a tool.
Security-sensitive findings
Route suspected severe vulnerabilities through the private [email protected] process instead of posting exploit details to public lists. Ordinary bugs follow normal subsystem submission and review. If an AI tool proposes a security claim without convincing evidence, verify it privately before making the claim public.
10. Choose verification depth by risk
There is no single test list that fits every patch. Use these axes to decide how far beyond baseline checks you must go:
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| Axis | Lower-risk example | Higher-risk example | Verification consequence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Change surface | Single-line local fix | Driver, core subsystem, ABI, or Kconfig change | Expand build configurations, documentation review, and cross-architecture coverage. |
| Failure impact | Ordinary functional regression | Concurrency, memory-safety, data-integrity, or security risk | Add debug kernels, lockdep, fault injection, stress, and focused runtime tests. |
| Evidence strength | Static warning or code inspection | Reproducible failure with runtime trace | Preserve the reproducer, demonstrate the fixed result, and report residual uncertainty. |
| Portability | One known configuration | Multiple architectures, word sizes, endianness, or module states | Cross-build and vary built-in/module and option combinations. |
| Provenance burden | Small tool suggestion | Substantial generated code or generated changelog content | Provide detailed provenance and consider an Assisted-by: line. |
11. Final pre-submission checklist
- The complete diff was read from the correct base commit, including surrounding callers and teardown paths.
- The patch contains one logical, independently justifiable change, and each series step builds where required.
- Every used facility has its declaring header; style, integer widths, user pointers, ownership, locking, sleeping context, RCU, DMA, and barriers were reviewed.
- Kconfig symbols, defaults, dependencies, help text, ABI, ioctl, module-parameter, boot-parameter,
/proc, and kernel-doc obligations were checked where applicable. scripts/checkpatch.pl, sparse, andmake checkstackwere run; retained diagnostics have explanations.- Affected options were built as
y,m, andnwhere valid, withallnoconfig,allmodconfig, out-of-tree builds, documentation builds, and warning-enabled compilation as relevant. - Architectures with different word sizes or endianness were covered when the code could be affected.
- Runtime tests used appropriate PREEMPT, SMP, lockdep, debugging, fault-injection, and stress configurations.
- A claimed bug has a minimal reproducer, and the fix was rerun against it; unperformed tests and non-reproduced symptoms are stated plainly.
- The commit message explains problem, impact, mechanism, solution, and accurate tags; recipients came from
MAINTAINERS, history, andscripts/get_maintainer.pl. - The human contributor added their own
Signed-off-by:; the AI did not. - Meaningful AI or specialized-tool assistance is disclosed with provenance and, when appropriate, an
Assisted-by:line. - Severe suspected vulnerabilities are routed privately rather than exposed on public lists.
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