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If you suspect an infostealer, disconnect the device from Wi-Fi and wired networks, then use a separate, known-clean device to secure your accounts. Change important passwords, revoke active sessions, review MFA and connected apps, and remediate or reinstall the affected device if you cannot trust it. A password reset alone may not invalidate stolen session cookies or tokens.
What should I do first if I suspect an infostealer?
- Isolate the device. Disconnect it from Wi-Fi and wired networks. Do not use it to sign in to email, banking, work, or other sensitive accounts. Microsoft’s RedLineStealer guidance recommends isolating the device and using a separate known-clean device for password changes.
- Contact your organization if it is a work device. Follow your employer’s incident process and tell its IT or security team. Work credentials and organizational access may require coordinated recovery.
- Use a different, trusted device for account recovery. A device you control and have no reason to suspect is preferable. Avoid signing in to accounts from the potentially infected machine until it has been remediated.
How do I secure accounts after malware?
Prioritize accounts that can unlock others, then remove access that may remain active even after passwords change. Microsoft’s guidance for compromised Microsoft 365 accounts recommends session revocation and reviewing account security controls; its compromised-email response guidance also notes that Microsoft 365 app passwords are not automatically revoked when the main password is reset.
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Secure email, identity, financial, and work accounts
- Start with your primary email account and identity provider, followed by financial accounts and work, VPN, or administrator accounts.
- Set a new, unique password for each account from the clean device. Do not reuse a password that may have been stored in the browser or captured by the malware.
- In each provider’s security settings, sign out all sessions or revoke active sessions, and remove unfamiliar signed-in devices. A stolen cookie or token can preserve access without the attacker needing to enter the password again.
- For email, check recovery addresses and phone numbers, forwarding and inbox rules, connected apps, and recent security changes. Remove anything you do not recognize.
Review MFA, recovery codes, app passwords, and app access
- If an MFA seed, authenticator data, or recovery codes were stored on the infected device, replace or rotate them from the clean device and generate fresh recovery codes.
- Remove unfamiliar authentication methods and devices, and revoke application permissions or consent you did not grant.
- Review and revoke app passwords separately where the service supports them. In Microsoft 365, changing the main password does not automatically revoke app passwords.
- Where supported, consider phishing-resistant sign-in such as passkeys or WebAuthn. A FIDO2 security key is one possible method, but provider support, device compatibility, and recovery arrangements vary. It does not clean an infected device or invalidate sessions already stolen.
For broader organizational recovery, Microsoft’s token theft playbook covers revoking tokens, resetting passwords, remediating affected devices, and removing suspicious email rules.
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What might an infostealer have taken?
Exposure can extend beyond saved passwords. Infostealers may collect browser session cookies and tokens, autofill or form data, payment details, files, system information, and cryptocurrency wallet data. Microsoft’s 2023 Digital Defense Report describes browser data theft that can include session tokens and cookies carrying MFA claims, saved passwords, form data, credit-card information, user files, and cryptocurrency wallets. Its 2025 report discusses collection of credentials, browser session tokens, and system context data.
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This is why changing passwords is only part of recovery: an attacker may be able to reuse a stolen authenticated session. The malware’s capabilities do not establish exactly what it took from a particular device, and a clean scan cannot prove that no data was exfiltrated.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How do I remove an infostealer?
Scan and remediate safely
- From the affected device, update a trusted antimalware product’s definitions and run a full scan. Remove detected threats and review any exclusions or persistence the tool identifies.
- Do not blindly edit registry entries or delete files based on generic online instructions. Microsoft’s examples of suspicious Run registry values and scheduled tasks in user-writable folders are specific to its RedLine guidance for Windows, not a universal checklist for every infostealer or operating system.
- If the malware persists, the device held sensitive work or financial data, or you cannot establish that it is trustworthy, get qualified technical help or use a clean reinstall process appropriate to the operating system.
- After remediation, clear saved passwords, cookies, site data, and autofill entries in browsers on the device. Microsoft advises against restoring this browser data from sync.
Microsoft notes that automatic threat removal can leave remnants or system changes. A scan and removal are useful steps, but they do not independently establish that the device is fully trustworthy.
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What should I monitor after recovery?
- Review recent sign-ins, security notifications, and account changes for activity you do not recognize.
- Check financial accounts and payment activity for unauthorized transactions.
- Recheck signed-in devices, MFA methods, connected apps, app passwords, recovery details, and email rules, and remove unfamiliar entries.
- Follow up with your organization’s security team if work credentials or systems were involved.
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