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Prevent an AI agent from gaining more OAuth authority than it needs by limiting what its tokens can do and where they can be used, enforcing those limits at each resource server, and separately controlling which tools the agent may invoke. Add a distinct, auditable identity for the agent, make elevated access temporary, and protect tokens against replay. A scope prompt—or a tool description telling the agent to behave carefully—is not an authorization boundary.
Why OAuth scopes alone cannot contain an agent
An OAuth access token represents authority granted by an authorization server. If that token is broad, accepted by unintended APIs, or usable for more operations than the task requires, the agent can exercise that authority regardless of what its prompt says. Likewise, a narrow token does not prevent an exposed tool from performing an action the workflow should not allow.
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The IETF’s RFC 9700, Best Current Practice for OAuth 2.0 Security, states: “The privileges associated with an access token SHOULD be restricted to the minimum required for the particular application or use case.” The standard also recommends limiting a token to its intended audience and restricting its associated resources and actions. Those limits need to be enforced by the authorization and resource servers, not inferred from the agent’s instructions.
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That distinction answers a common concern: an agent should not be able to use a token against another API merely because it possesses the token. The other API must validate the token’s audience and reject it when the token was issued for a different resource server. If several services must be called, use resource-specific tokens where possible, rather than assuming one token is safe everywhere.
Implement least privilege across the request path
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Decide which identity is acting
Choose whether the agent acts as itself, acts on a user’s behalf, or uses a service identity. Keep the user who delegated, the agent, the OAuth client, and the resource server distinguishable in authorization and audit records. Shared credentials or an unclear mixture of user and service authorization make it harder to determine who authorized an operation.
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Grant only the permissions the task needs
Request the narrowest practical permissions for the workflow; avoid broad standing grants just to get a pilot working. Review effective access across the whole chain, not only each individual role: multiple narrow permissions can combine into a much broader capability. As workflows change, revisit the permission set rather than treating initial grants as permanent.
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Constrain the token’s audience, resources, and actions
Where supported, issue a token for a specific resource server. On every request, the resource server should validate the audience and check the resource and action constraints associated with the token. If the agent calls more than one service, determine whether each can receive its own token; using a small set of intended audiences may be necessary in some deployments, but broad acceptance increases the consequences of token reuse.
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Gate tool use independently of token scope
Expose only approved tools and operations, and apply authorization policy before a tool call reaches a protected service. Pay particular attention to actions such as exporting data, deleting records, changing privileges, or chaining actions across services. A tool allow-list limits what the agent can attempt; OAuth restrictions limit what a valid token can authorize. Use both, since unrestricted tools can turn prompt injection or workflow errors into consequential operations. Microsoft discusses these controls in its least-privilege guidance for AI agents with Microsoft Entra Agent ID.
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Make higher privilege temporary
If a task genuinely needs more authority than the agent normally holds, use just-in-time entitlement, a short-lived token, or explicit approval, then let the added access expire when the task ends. The right choice depends on how predictable the task is, how much latency an approval adds, and the impact of misuse. Consider human confirmation for consequential actions rather than assuming every task needs the same approval rule.
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Reduce the value of a stolen token
When the authorization server, client, and resource server support them, consider sender-constrained access tokens such as DPoP or mutual TLS. These mechanisms make token use depend on proof tied to the client, reducing the usefulness of a token stolen on its own. They are not protection against an attacker who also obtains the relevant key material or compromises the client. RFC 9700 also requires refresh tokens issued to public clients to be sender-constrained or rotated.
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Record the delegation and decision chain
For each consequential request, record which user delegated, which agent and client acted, which resource and action were requested, what authorization decision was made, and whether an approval was involved. This makes it possible to investigate whether an operation came from the intended identity and workflow. NIST identifies tamper-proof logging, verifiable intent, and binding actions to human authorization as open questions for agent identity and authorization design; these are prudent design goals, not a finalized NIST implementation mandate.
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Review access and support revocation
Reassess effective permissions when an agent’s tools, workflow, or identity changes. Ensure your identity and token lifecycle can revoke access when it is no longer appropriate. The precise revocation process depends on the deployment; the cited OAuth guidance and vendor material do not prescribe one complete, vendor-neutral procedure for revoking every agent’s access.
Choose controls to match the deployment
| Decision | Option | Trade-off to weigh |
|---|---|---|
| Token audience | One resource server | Offers tighter containment, but an agent calling multiple services may need separate tokens. |
| Token audience | A small set of intended resource servers | Can simplify multi-service workflows; each accepting service still needs to validate that it is an intended audience. |
| Sender constraint | DPoP or mutual TLS | RFC 9700 identifies both approaches. Choose based on client type, platform and server support, and the ability to protect key material; verify actual support in the deployed stack. |
| Access timing | Standing permission | Can suit predictable, routine work, but persists outside a particular task. |
| Access timing | Just-in-time access or approval | Limits how long elevated authority is available, at the cost of added workflow or approval latency. |
| Principal model | Dedicated agent identity | Can make the agent’s access and lifecycle easier to distinguish, but does not by itself represent which user, if any, authorized a particular action. |
| Principal model | User-delegated identity | Can represent action on a user’s behalf; preserve the distinction between the user, agent, and client in authorization and audit records. |
| Principal model | Shared service principal | May support service workflows, but can blur attribution when multiple agents or users share the same identity. |
What the standards say—and what they do not
RFC 9700 is an IETF Best Current Practice published in January 2025. Its OAuth security guidance provides the settled baseline for minimizing token privileges, restricting audiences and resources, and reducing misuse of stolen tokens. It is not an agent-specific authorization framework.
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NIST NCCoE’s February 2026 concept paper, Accelerating the Adoption of Software and AI Agent Identity and Authorization, describes a planned project and open design questions, including agent identity, delegation, human binding, auditability, and prompt-injection impact. Treat it as a signal of work in progress, not as a final normative framework.
An IETF Datatracker page lists OAuth 2.0 Extension: On-Behalf-Of User Authorization for AI Agents, an informational Internet-Draft published May 2, 2025, that expired November 3, 2025. It proposed explicit consent for an identified agent and a delegated token recording the user, client, and agent chain. Because that version expired, it is a proposal rather than a current standard; check the Datatracker page for any later draft before relying on its status.
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