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Run tmux on the remote Linux host that runs FFmpeg, start the stream inside a named tmux session, then detach with Ctrl-b followed by d before closing SSH. The session and FFmpeg process stay running when the SSH client disconnects, but tmux does not restart FFmpeg after a crash or keep it alive through a host reboot.
What you need before starting
- A remote Linux host with FFmpeg and tmux installed. The host must be able to reach YouTube; tmux on your laptop cannot protect a process running on a different machine.
- A YouTube channel with live streaming enabled, plus the current stream URL and key from YouTube Live Control Room.
- A working FFmpeg command for your input file or other source. The example below is a starting pattern, not a complete production encoding profile.
Use YouTube’s encoder setup instructions to locate the stream URL and key. YouTube recommends RTMPS when your encoder supports it; its RTMPS guide explains the secure endpoint and common connection issues. Treat the stream key like a password: do not publish it in scripts, screenshots, or shared logs.
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Start FFmpeg in a named tmux session
1. Connect to the remote host
SSH into the exact Linux host where FFmpeg will run. Confirm you are using the expected account; tmux sessions are associated with that host and user.
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For a new stream session, run:
tmux new -s youtube-live
If you may have already created the session and want to attach to it if present—or create it if absent—use:
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tmux new-session -A -s youtube-live
This avoids starting a second named session simply because you forgot whether one already exists. Do not launch another FFmpeg process until you have checked what is already running.
3. Start FFmpeg inside tmux
Run FFmpeg from the shell shown inside tmux. For a file input, FFmpeg documents this general real-time pattern:
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ffmpeg -re -i myfile -f flv "rtmps://<YOUTUBE_ENDPOINT>/<STREAM_KEY>"
Replace the endpoint and key placeholders with the current values shown in YouTube Live Control Room. Keep the real key private; use placeholders in saved examples. Adapt the input, output format, codecs, bitrate, resolution, frame rate, and any looping or playlist logic to your source and YouTube’s current guidance. See the FFmpeg protocol documentation for the real-time input pattern and RTMP protocol details.
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A single file ordinarily reaches its end and FFmpeg exits; tmux does not loop it automatically. If you need continuous playback, configure the input or playlist workflow to repeat intentionally, and verify that the resulting stream meets YouTube’s requirements.
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4. Test the stream before detaching
Check FFmpeg’s output for connection or encoding errors and confirm that YouTube Live Control Room reports a healthy incoming stream. YouTube recommends testing with representative motion and audio and monitoring stream health. Its encoder settings and bitrate guidance covers supported protocols and codecs, frame rates up to 60 fps, CBR encoding, and a recommended two-second keyframe interval (not exceeding four seconds). Bitrate recommendations depend on codec, resolution, and frame rate; use YouTube’s current table for the configuration you are actually sending rather than treating one bitrate as universal.
5. Detach, then close SSH
With FFmpeg still running in the tmux pane, press Ctrl-b, release both keys, then press d. This detaches the tmux client while leaving the session’s programs running. Now you can close SSH. Do not type exit in the FFmpeg pane or kill the tmux session if you want the process to continue.
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Reconnect and inspect the live stream
- SSH back into the same remote host using the same account.
- Attach to the named session:
tmux attach-session -t youtube-live. The shorter equivalent istmux attach -t youtube-live. - Review FFmpeg’s output and check YouTube Live Control Room for stream health.
The official tmux Getting Started guide documents named sessions, detaching, attaching, and creating or attaching to a session. Detaching is not the same as exiting the shell or terminating the session.
What tmux does—and what it does not
tmux preserves an interactive terminal session when its client disconnects. It is not a process supervisor: it does not restart FFmpeg after an error, preserve the process through a remote-host reboot, or guarantee the connection to YouTube stays healthy. FFmpeg, the host, and the network can fail independently.
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If you need automatic restart after a process failure or startup after reboot, configure an appropriate service manager or another deliberate recovery mechanism. That is separate from tmux’s detach-and-reattach workflow. FFmpeg also documents a FIFO muxer pattern for retrying after temporary output failures; that is an FFmpeg-level recovery behavior, not something tmux supplies. See the FFmpeg documentation for FIFO muxer details.
Troubleshooting
SSH closed and the stream stopped
- Check whether FFmpeg was started inside tmux on the remote host rather than in a normal SSH shell or in a tmux session on your local computer.
- Confirm you detached with Ctrl-b, then d; typing
exitor killing the session ends the shell or session instead. - Reconnect and inspect the session. If the host rebooted or FFmpeg exited, tmux cannot restore the process automatically.
tmux says the session cannot be found
Verify you reconnected to the same host and user, and that the tmux server/socket configuration matches the one used to create the session. The session may also have been exited or killed. List available sessions with tmux ls before trying to attach.
FFmpeg cannot connect to YouTube
- Refresh the URL and stream key from Live Control Room and check for transcription errors or stale credentials.
- Prefer the RTMPS endpoint if supported by your FFmpeg build. YouTube notes that a connection issue can result from an incorrect URL or missing RTMPS support in the encoder.
- Check FFmpeg’s error output and the remote host’s network access. tmux keeps a terminal available; it does not repair endpoint, protocol, or network problems.
The stream ends after the video finishes
That is expected for a finite input unless the FFmpeg input or playlist has been configured to loop. Set up the repeat behavior explicitly and test it while watching the output and YouTube stream health.
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