On a CentOS WordPress server, install WP Super Cache from Plugins > Add New, then choose Simple mode for the least server configuration or Expert mode for file-based caching. Expert mode is faster because Apache serves cached HTML without starting PHP, but it requires mod_rewrite, an .htaccess file Apache is allowed to read, and SELinux labels that permit Apache to write the cache and rule files. If any of those prerequisites cannot be corrected safely, Simple mode is the reliable fallback.
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What you need before installing
Have administrator access to the WordPress dashboard and root or sudo access to the CentOS host if you intend to use Expert mode. The exact document-root path varies by installation; examples below use /var/www/html as a placeholder. Substitute the directory that actually contains wp-config.php.
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- Confirm that Apache serves the site. The CentOS instructions here apply to Apache HTTP Server. If the site is served by Nginx, use Simple mode; Expert mode depends on Apache rewrite processing.
- Back up
.htaccessand your WordPress files before changing server configuration. A copy outside the web root makes it possible to restore the previous rules if a syntax error or redirect loop appears. - Know which account runs Apache. On CentOS it is normally
apache, but a custom virtual host can use another service account. - Plan a short maintenance window if you need to edit the virtual-host configuration or restart Apache.
Simple mode or Expert mode?
The plugin exposes two caching paths. Select the one that matches what you can safely configure on the server rather than enabling Expert mode before its prerequisites are ready.
| Characteristic | Simple mode | Expert mode |
|---|---|---|
| How a cached page is delivered | The request passes through PHP and the plugin returns its cached copy. | Apache mod_rewrite sends a static HTML file before WordPress/PHP executes. |
| Server prerequisites | No mod_rewrite, AllowOverride, or writable .htaccess is required. |
Requires mod_rewrite, an override-enabled virtual host or directory, and a writable .htaccess. |
| Operational risk | Fewer server-side moving parts and a practical fallback when SELinux or overrides cannot be changed. | More configuration-sensitive; rewrite rules and permissions must be checked after plugin upgrades. |
| Use when | You cannot safely alter Apache configuration or labels, or you are using Nginx. | You control Apache and can configure rewrite processing and SELinux correctly. |
Expert mode avoids PHP for cache hits, while Simple mode still executes PHP. That architectural difference is the reason to choose Expert mode when the server is prepared, not a reason to weaken SELinux or make the entire document root writable.
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Install and activate the plugin in WordPress
- Sign in to WordPress with an administrator account.
- Open Plugins > Add New.
- Search for WP Super Cache, select the matching plugin, and click Install Now.
- When installation finishes, click Activate.
- Open Settings > WP Super Cache. The plugin’s configuration screen has Easy and Advanced tabs.
Activation alone does not turn page caching on. Complete one of the configuration paths below, then test an uncached and cached request.
Turn on Simple mode first when you need the low-risk path
- In Settings > WP Super Cache, stay on the Easy tab.
- Select Caching On.
- Click Update Status or the equivalent save button shown by your installed plugin build.
Simple mode writes and reads cache data through PHP and does not depend on Apache rewriting a request to a static file. It is the appropriate choice when AllowOverride is unavailable, .htaccess must remain read-only, SELinux policy cannot be adjusted, or the site is behind Nginx. Do not switch to Expert mode until the server checks in the next section pass.
Prepare Apache and SELinux for Expert mode
Perform these checks from a root shell or with sudo. Make changes as narrowly as possible to the WordPress virtual host or directory instead of enabling overrides for every site on the server.
1. Check that mod_rewrite is loaded
Run:
httpd -M | grep rewriteA loaded module appears as a rewrite module in the output. If the command returns nothing and WP Super Cache reports that rewrite support is missing, load mod_rewrite through the Apache configuration used by your CentOS installation, then restart Apache:
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systemctl restart httpdRun the check again after the restart. If Apache fails to restart, inspect its service status and configuration error before changing WordPress settings.
2. Allow Apache to process .htaccess
Apache ignores .htaccess directives when the applicable directory or virtual host uses AllowOverride None. Locate the directory block that contains the WordPress document root and change its override policy to permit the directives required by the plugin. A broad change in the main configuration can affect unrelated sites, so scope the permission to the WordPress directory whenever the virtual-host layout allows it.
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3. Make only the required files writable
WP Super Cache must be able to update the rewrite block in .htaccess and create cache files. On CentOS, Apache normally runs as apache. Give that account write access only to the areas that need it, such as wp-content, the cache directory, uploads, and the .htaccess file when Expert mode must update it. Keep WordPress core files and wp-config.php read-only after setup whenever your deployment process permits.
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Do not solve a write error by making the complete document root world-writable. Excessive Unix permissions enlarge the impact of a compromised plugin or upload and can hide an SELinux policy problem rather than fixing it.
4. Apply persistent SELinux labels
CentOS and related Red Hat systems normally keep SELinux enforcing. A Unix mode bit can look correct while SELinux still denies Apache’s write operation. Writable WordPress areas should carry the httpd_sys_rw_content_t type.
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semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t '/var/www/html/wp-content(/.*)?'
semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t '/var/www/html/wp-content/cache(/.*)?'
semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t '/var/www/html/wp-content/uploads(/.*)?'
semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t '/var/www/html/.htaccess'Apply the stored rules:
restorecon -Rv /var/www/html/wp-content
restorecon -v /var/www/html/.htaccessThe exact semanage command may be unavailable until the SELinux management utilities are installed on the host. Use the package and change-control process required by your CentOS image rather than disabling SELinux. A one-time chcon can be overwritten by a later relabel; semanage fcontext followed by restorecon keeps the policy persistent.
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5. Restart Apache after server changes
Restart the service after changing module loading, virtual-host overrides, or labels:
systemctl restart httpdIf the restart fails, stop at the server layer and correct the Apache error before trying to enable Expert mode in WordPress.
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- Open Settings > WP Super Cache and select the Advanced tab.
- Select Expert caching and enable caching.
- Disable caching for logged-in visitors. Administrators and editors must see current account-specific pages rather than a public visitor’s cached response.
- Enable the option that prevents caching requests containing GET parameters (query strings). This avoids serving a cached response where a parameter changes the page or identifies a campaign, search, or session.
- Raise the cache timeout from its default 1,800 seconds to about 7,200 seconds for a typical site that does not require four-times-per-hour expiration. Choose a shorter period if content changes frequently or a longer period only when your publishing and invalidation process supports it.
- Scroll to the bottom of the Advanced tab and click Update Mod_Rewrite Rules.
The plugin should report that it updated the rewrite rules. It places a cache block in .htaccess; Apache then uses those directives to serve the generated static HTML without invoking PHP for eligible requests.
Do not edit or delete the plugin’s managed block while troubleshooting unless you have a backup and a rollback plan. If another tool manages .htaccess, coordinate the two writers so one does not overwrite the other’s rules.
Verify that caching actually works
Check the managed block
Open the WordPress document root’s .htaccess and look for the plugin’s BEGIN and END WordPress markers surrounding its rewrite section. Those markers are how the plugin finds the portion it can update. If the markers are absent, the automatic update cannot reliably replace the old block.
Check ownership, mode, and SELinux context
Inspect the cache directory and its context:
ls -ld /var/www/html/wp-content/cache
ls -Z /var/www/html/wp-content/cacheThe listing should show a directory that Apache can write and an SELinux type appropriate for writable web content. Check .htaccess similarly if the rule update still fails.
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Test as a visitor
Use a private browser window or log out, request a normal public page twice, and confirm that a cache file appears or changes under wp-content/cache. Test again while logged in; with the recommended setting, the logged-in request should bypass the public page cache. Also test a URL with a query string if you enabled the no-query-string option; it should not be treated as the same cache object as the clean URL.
After changing a page, purge the plugin cache from its settings screen and request the page again. Without a purge or expiration, a visitor can legitimately receive the previously generated static copy until the configured timeout elapses.
Troubleshoot common CentOS failures
“mod_rewrite is missing” or Expert mode never serves static pages
- Run
httpd -M | grep rewrite. If no module is listed, correct Apache’s module configuration and restarthttpd. - Confirm that the request reaches Apache, not an Nginx front end. Expert mode is an Apache rewrite path; use Simple mode when Nginx is the serving web server.
- Check that the WordPress directory’s effective
AllowOverridepolicy permits rewrite directives. A correct module withAllowOverride Nonestill leaves.htaccessignored.
“WP Super Cache .htaccess not updating”
- Confirm the file exists in the same document root that contains
wp-config.php. - Check that the Apache account can write the file and that SELinux labels allow the write.
- Look for the plugin’s BEGIN/END markers. If they were removed, restore a known-good backup or let the plugin recreate the block after the file is writable.
- Check whether another deployment, security, or configuration tool rewrites
.htaccessimmediately after WordPress updates it. - After a plugin upgrade, inspect the cache rewrite block again. The block should correspond to the installed plugin version rather than an obsolete copy left by an earlier release.
“Permission denied” despite correct Unix permissions
Read SELinux audit records:
ausearch -m avcThen verify the effective labels:
ls -Z /var/www/html/wp-content/cacheIf audit records show Apache being denied, apply the persistent semanage fcontext rule and run restorecon -Rv on the affected writable paths. Do not disable SELinux as a shortcut. Keep core files and wp-config.php outside the writable set.
The plugin reports success, but pages remain dynamic
- Confirm that caching is enabled on the Advanced tab, not merely that the plugin is activated.
- Request the page while logged out; logged-in visitors are intentionally excluded by the recommended setting.
- Inspect
.htaccessfor the current cache block and verify that Apache is allowed to read it. - Check for query parameters, cookies, or other application conditions that make the request ineligible for a public cache.
- Clear the existing cache after configuration changes, then make two fresh anonymous requests.
A plugin upgrade breaks caching
Review the rewrite section after every WP Super Cache upgrade. The plugin may need to update its managed rules, and a file that was writable during the original installation may no longer be writable after a deployment or relabel. Re-run the marker, ownership, and ls -Z checks before changing unrelated Apache settings.
Security and maintenance practices
- Scope
AllowOverrideto the WordPress directory instead of enabling unrestricted overrides globally. - Grant write access to
wp-content, its cache and uploads paths, and the rule file only where required. Do not make the whole site writable. - Keep SELinux enforcing and manage labels with persistent
semanage fcontextrules plusrestorecon. - Exclude logged-in visitors and parameterized requests unless you have a specific, tested reason to cache them.
- Document the cache timeout, the location of the rewrite block, and the commands used to verify labels so another administrator can recover the configuration.
- Purge the cache after substantial theme, plugin, menu, or content changes when visitors must see the new output immediately.
When Simple mode is the right final configuration
Simple mode is not an installation failure. It is the correct final choice when your hosting policy forbids AllowOverride changes, .htaccess must remain immutable, SELinux policy cannot be changed through approved administration, or Nginx serves the site. It avoids the rewrite and file-permission dependencies and still gives WordPress a PHP-managed page cache. Move to Expert mode only after you can satisfy all three requirements—mod_rewrite, effective override permission, and correctly labeled writable paths—and can verify them after upgrades.
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