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You need SSH access to the VPS, a Composer-managed Drupal project, and a PHP CLI version supported by the Drush major release you choose. Once Drush can bootstrap the site, you can rebuild caches, apply database updates, manage configuration, and target remote environments with aliases.
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Drush is Drupal’s command-line administration tool. It runs Drupal’s bootstrap process and then exposes commands for maintenance, updates, configuration, database work, scaffolding, and site inspection. On a VPS, the recommended installation is not a system-wide download: Drush is added as a dependency of the Drupal project and executed from that project’s vendor/bin directory.
Access and project requirements
- SSH or another terminal connection: You must be able to log in to the VPS and execute PHP and Composer as a user that can read the Drupal codebase.
- A Composer-managed Drupal codebase: The directory must contain the project’s
composer.json. A document-root-only copy of Drupal without Composer metadata is not the normal basis for a current Drush install. - CLI PHP: Check the PHP binary available to your SSH session, not only the PHP version configured for the web server. Drush uses the command-line binary.
- Database and filesystem access: The account running Drush needs the same practical access Drupal requires to read settings, connect to the database, and write files or generated output for the commands you intend to run.
- A recoverable deployment: Take a database and file backup before updates, configuration imports, synchronization, or any command that changes production data.
If you are selecting VPS infrastructure, verify that the plan permits SSH, provides a supported PHP release, lets you run Composer, and offers a staging environment or reliable backups. Drush itself does not replace those operational safeguards.
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Check Drush and Drupal compatibility first
Drush major releases have their own PHP and Drupal support ranges. Check the current compatibility table in the Drush installation documentation immediately before changing composer.json; support changes over time and a command copied from an older article can select an unsuitable release.
| Drush line | PHP requirement listed in the current compatibility information | Drupal core compatibility listed | Installation and execution model | Support or end-of-life detail |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drush 13 | PHP 8.3 or newer | Drupal 10.2 and Drupal 11 | Require it with Composer in the Drupal project and run the project-local binary. | Check the live compatibility table for the release’s current support status. |
| Drush 12 | PHP 8.1 or newer | Older Drupal compatibility; the exact range is not stated in the supplied compatibility details. | Composer project dependency with a project-local binary. | Check the live compatibility table before selecting this line. |
The figures above describe the compatibility page as currently documented, not a promise that every future patch release will have the same requirements. If your site is on an older Drupal core, select the Drush major version that the compatibility table supports instead of forcing the newest major release. Conversely, do not downgrade a current Drupal 11 project merely to follow legacy instructions.
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Confirm the PHP CLI that Composer and Drush will use
After connecting over SSH, inspect the command-line interpreter:
php -v
which php
composer --versionCompare the reported PHP version with the Drush line you plan to require. If the VPS has different PHP binaries, invoke the intended one explicitly or adjust the shell and service configuration before running Composer. A web server showing one PHP version does not guarantee that php in an SSH shell points to that version.
Install Drush in the Drupal project
Run the following procedure as the account that owns or can read the Drupal project. Avoid running Composer as root unless your deployment policy specifically requires it; mixing ownership can leave a vendor tree that later maintenance users cannot update.
- Connect to the VPS. Use SSH and change to the directory that contains the Drupal project’s
composer.json. For example:cd /path/to/your/drupal-projectReplace the path with the real project location; do not run the install from a parent directory that merely contains the web root.
- Verify the project root.
pwd ls -l composer.jsonIf
composer.jsonis not present, locate the Composer project before continuing. Installing Drush in an unrelated directory creates a dependency that Drupal will not use. - Add Drush as a dependency.
composer require drush/drushComposer resolves a compatible Drush release and its dependencies, updates
composer.jsonandcomposer.lock, and places the executable undervendor/bin. Review Composer’s proposed changes, especially if the project already constrains Symfony, Drupal core, or PHP packages. - Run the local executable.
vendor/bin/drush statusThis command tests whether Drush can find and bootstrap the site. It should report identifying information such as the Drupal root, site URI, database connection, Drupal version, and Drush version when the settings and environment are usable.
- Record the dependency change. Commit the updated
composer.jsonandcomposer.lockto the project’s version control system. Deploy that locked dependency set to other environments rather than resolving a different Drush version independently on each server.
Do not describe the installation as complete merely because Composer finished. The meaningful check is whether the site-local status command can bootstrap the intended Drupal installation.
Use the project-local binary correctly
vendor/bin/drush is deterministic
The path vendor/bin/drush points to the Drush selected by this project’s Composer lock file. Run it from the project root, or use an absolute path when a script changes directories. This prevents one site from accidentally using another site’s Drush code.
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drush by itself depends on your shell
A bare drush command works only when a Drush executable is on PATH. You can make the current shell find the project’s binary with:
export PATH="$PWD/vendor/bin:$PATH"
drush statusThis setting lasts only for the current shell unless you add an equivalent line to the appropriate shell profile. A profile-wide PATH entry can be confusing on a server hosting several Drupal projects, because the first matching executable may belong to the wrong project. For automation and production work, an explicit project path is clearer.
The optional Drush Launcher
The Drush Launcher is an optional tool that dispatches a bare drush command to the project-local Drush it discovers. It can be convenient when you routinely work in multiple projects, but it does not replace the Composer dependency in each project. Review which project directory the launcher selected before running a write operation, and use vendor/bin/drush when you need an unambiguous target.
Verify bootstrap and learn the available commands
Start with status, then use Drush’s own help instead of relying on command names from a different major release.
vendor/bin/drush status
vendor/bin/drush list
vendor/bin/drush help
vendor/bin/drush topicstatus is the environment check. list displays commands available from the installed extensions. help documents syntax and options for a command, while topic opens longer conceptual documentation. For a specific operation, inspect it on the target server:
vendor/bin/drush help cr
vendor/bin/drush help updatedb
vendor/bin/drush help config:importCommand aliases and option names can change between Drush and Drupal versions. Treat the output from the installed binary as authoritative when writing scripts.
Make Drush target the correct Drupal site
Drush normally infers the site from the current directory and Drupal’s settings. In a VPS layout with several projects, a multisite installation, or a cron job started elsewhere, that inference may be insufficient. Supply the root and URI explicitly or use a configured site alias.
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Use --root and --uri
When you are outside the project directory, identify the Drupal document root and the site URL:
/path/to/drupal-project/vendor/bin/drush status
--root=/path/to/drupal-project/web
--uri=https://example.comThe exact root is the directory that contains Drupal’s index and core files for that installation; Composer projects often use a web subdirectory, but not every project does. The URI selects the site context, which is especially important for multisite settings and generated links. Use the real scheme and hostname for the environment rather than a production URL when operating on staging.
Set DRUSH_OPTIONS_URL for repeated URL context
For a shell session or scheduled job that should consistently generate links for one site, set:
export DRUSH_OPTIONS_URL=https://example.com
vendor/bin/drush statusYou can still pass --uri on an individual command when it needs to override the session default. Keep environment files protected if they contain other credentials; the URL itself is not a substitute for Drupal database or account permissions.
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Use site aliases for named environments
Aliases give environments names beginning with @, such as @staging or @live. An alias configuration must define how that environment is reached and which Drupal root and URI it uses. Review the alias before executing a destructive command, because a typo or stale host definition can send an operation to the wrong server.
vendor/bin/drush @staging updatedbThis form asks the staging alias to run pending database updates. The alias must be configured on the machine where you issue the command; the name alone does not create a connection.
Common Drush administration on a VPS
Run these examples from the Drupal project root unless an explicit root, URI, or alias is shown. Check each command with drush help <command> on your installed version before placing it in deployment automation.
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| Task | Command | What to check first |
|---|---|---|
| Inspect the installation | vendor/bin/drush status |
Confirm Drupal root, site URI, database, Drupal version, and Drush version identify the intended site. |
| Rebuild caches | vendor/bin/drush cr |
Ensure the account can write Drupal’s cache and generated directories. |
| See pending database updates | vendor/bin/drush updatedb:status |
Take a backup and review update messages before applying anything. |
| Apply database updates | vendor/bin/drush updatedb |
Run after deploying the code and modules that contain the updates; use staging first. |
| Export configuration | vendor/bin/drush config:export |
Know the configured sync directory and review the resulting files before committing them. |
| Import configuration | vendor/bin/drush config:import |
Back up first and verify that the import matches the code and environment you intend to change. |
Drush can also generate boilerplate code, install modules and themes, clear caches, and create dummy content. Those operations may add files or alter the database, so inspect command help and your deployment policy before using them on a live site.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Remote aliases, file transfers, and database synchronization
Aliases become most useful when a VPS is part of a staging-to-production workflow. The documented examples illustrate the pattern:
drush @staging updatedb
drush rsync @staging:%files/ @live:%files
drush sql:sync --structure-tables-key=custom @live @selfThe first command applies pending updates on the staging environment. The rsync command copies the files path represented by %files from staging to live. The sql:sync command synchronizes the live database to the local target represented by @self, using the custom structure-tables key to exclude tables defined by that synchronization policy, commonly cache-like tables.
These commands are examples, not safe defaults for every organization. Before running them:
- Open the alias definitions and verify hostnames, SSH users, Drupal roots, URIs, and destination names.
- Confirm which direction data will travel. A synchronization can overwrite content, configuration, or files at the destination.
- Make current database and file backups at both ends.
- Test with a non-production alias and inspect Drush’s proposed or logged actions.
- Check that the remote account can use SSH and that the required PHP, Composer, and Drush paths exist on the remote host.
Use the site-local binary when the aliases belong to a particular project, for example /path/to/project/vendor/bin/drush @staging updatedb. A bare launcher command is acceptable only after you have confirmed which project’s alias configuration it loaded.
Troubleshoot installation and bootstrap failures
“Command not found” for Composer or PHP
Check which php, php -v, and composer --version. The VPS account may have a restricted PATH or multiple PHP installations. Make the supported CLI binary available to that account, then rerun Composer from the project root.
Composer reports a PHP or dependency conflict
Read the first conflicting package and compare it with the Drush compatibility table and the Drupal project’s constraints. Do not bypass the conflict with an arbitrary --ignore-platform-reqs; that can install code the server cannot execute. Choose a compatible Drush major release or upgrade the platform in a controlled deployment.
vendor/bin/drush is missing
Confirm that Composer completed successfully and that the current directory is the project containing the updated composer.json. Inspect the dependency tree with Composer, then reinstall from the committed lock file if the vendor directory was intentionally omitted from deployment. Do not copy a binary from another Drupal project.
Status cannot find the Drupal site
Run the command from the directory containing the project’s Composer files, then try explicit context:
vendor/bin/drush status --root=/path/to/drupal-project/web --uri=https://example.comFor multisite installations, verify that the URI maps to the intended settings directory. For scheduled jobs, use an absolute binary path and define the working directory, root, and URI rather than assuming an interactive shell’s environment.
Status reaches Drupal but cannot connect to the database
Check that the selected root and URI load the expected settings file, that the PHP CLI has the database driver required by the site, and that the SSH account can read the configuration. Compare the database host, port, name, and credentials with the environment’s secret-management setup. Avoid printing credentials into shell history while diagnosing the issue.
A command exists in documentation but not on this server
Run vendor/bin/drush list and vendor/bin/drush help <command>. The command may have been renamed, moved to a contributed extension, or changed between major releases. Use the syntax exposed by the installed binary instead of forcing an old alias.
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Treat Drush as part of the application dependency set. Pin the major version that matches the project’s Drupal and PHP support window, commit both Composer manifest and lock file, and deploy the same locked set to development, staging, and production. Recheck the compatibility table before intentionally changing the major version, then test status, cache rebuilds, updates, and configuration operations in staging.
Historical Drush 8 documentation can help maintain a legacy site, but it is not the current installation method for a Composer-based Drupal project. Do not replace composer require drush/drush with old system-wide installation instructions unless you are following a documented legacy constraint and understand the security and support implications.
Quick Recap
A safe first-session checklist
- SSH to the VPS with an account that can read the Drupal project and execute PHP and Composer.
- Change into the directory containing
composer.json. - Check the CLI PHP version against the Drush major release you intend to use.
- Run
composer require drush/drushand review dependency changes. - Run
vendor/bin/drush statusand confirm the root, URI, database, Drupal version, and Drush version. - Run
vendor/bin/drush listorhelpto confirm command names on this installation. - For multisite or out-of-tree execution, add
--root,--uri, orDRUSH_OPTIONS_URL. - For remote work, review aliases and test against staging before using
updatedb,rsync, orsql:syncon live systems. - Commit
composer.jsonandcomposer.lock, then deploy the same dependency set everywhere.
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