Define a custom Composer repository in the root composer.json of your PHP project, then authenticate it and install the package with Composer. Ubuntu only hosts the PHP and Composer command-line tools; the repository configuration belongs to the application, not to Ubuntu globally or to a dependency.
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{
"repositories": [
{
"type": "composer",
"url": "https://packages.example.org"
}
],
"require": {
"vendor/package": "^1.0"
}
}This guide shows how to choose the correct repository type, configure private credentials safely, control repository precedence, and troubleshoot installations on Ubuntu.
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What a custom Composer repository is
Composer calls a repository a package source. A Composer-format repository is an HTTP endpoint whose packages.json file describes packages and versions; Composer reads that metadata when resolving dependencies. The repository declaration is documented at getcomposer.org/doc/05-repositories.md.
Repository declarations are root-only. Put them in the project’s own composer.json—the file in the directory where you run Composer—not in a library’s composer.json. A dependency cannot add a repository for the consuming application.
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Composer evaluates repositories from top to bottom and normally stops searching when it finds a package name. That makes order functional configuration: a private fork with the same package name must appear before the public source you want it to override.
Ubuntu prerequisites
Install PHP and Composer for your Ubuntu release
Install a supported PHP runtime, the PHP CLI, and Composer using the current Composer installation instructions that match your Ubuntu release. PHP extensions required by the packages you plan to install must also be present. Package requirements differ, so do not assume that the extensions installed for one application satisfy another.
From a new shell, verify both executables:
php -v
composer --versionRun these commands as the same user that owns the project files. If composer is not found, place the Composer executable in your user path or install it system-wide according to the current Composer instructions; do not copy a binary from an unrelated server.
Locate the project root
Change into the directory containing the application’s root composer.json before editing or running Composer:
cd /var/www/example-app
ls composer.jsonIf the second command fails, you are not in the project root. Running Composer from another directory can create or modify the wrong manifest.
Add a Composer-format repository
1. Edit the root manifest
Add a repositories array alongside the existing require, autoload, and other top-level keys. The smallest network repository entry is:
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"repositories": [
{
"type": "composer",
"url": "https://packages.example.org"
}
],
"require": {
"vendor/package": "^1.0"
}
}Keep the URL at the repository root expected by its publisher. For a Composer repository, that endpoint must expose Composer package metadata, normally through packages.json. A URL to a Git web page, a ZIP download, or a directory listing is not automatically a Composer repository.
2. Select the package constraint
Use the package name and version constraint published by the repository. The name is usually in the form vendor/package. A caret constraint such as ^1.0 permits compatible releases according to Composer’s version rules; choose a narrower constraint when your application requires a specific compatibility range. The constraint belongs in require, not inside the repository object.
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3. Validate before resolving dependencies
Check the manifest syntax and basic schema before downloading anything:
composer validateFix malformed JSON, duplicate keys, invalid package names, or schema errors reported by Composer. The complete schema reference is available at getcomposer.org/doc/04-schema.md.
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For a package that is not yet in the project, let Composer add the requirement and resolve it:
composer require vendor/package:^1.0For a package already listed in composer.json, update only that dependency:
composer update vendor/packageComposer writes the selected versions to composer.lock. Applications should normally commit both composer.json and composer.lock so another Ubuntu host or a CI runner installs the same resolved versions. Follow your project’s dependency policy for libraries, where lock-file practice may differ.
Choose the repository type that matches your source
Do not use a composer entry merely because a package is private. Select the type that describes where Composer can obtain package metadata and source code.
| Type | Use it when | What Composer expects | Main trade-off |
|---|---|---|---|
composer |
A service publishes a Composer registry | An HTTP(S) endpoint with Composer metadata, normally packages.json |
Fast, indexed resolution, but someone must operate or provide the registry |
vcs |
The package lives directly in Git, Subversion, Mercurial, or Fossil | A source-control repository containing a package composer.json |
Simple for a few packages; inspecting many branches and tags can be slower |
path |
A package is in a local directory during development | A local directory containing a package manifest | Convenient for a monorepo or local work; the path must exist on each machine |
artifact |
You maintain local ZIP or TAR archives | A directory of archives, each with a root composer.json |
Offline-friendly, but archive production and versioning are manual |
package |
You must describe a package inline | Complete package metadata embedded in the root manifest | Useful sparingly; you maintain every metadata field yourself |
These semantics are defined in Composer’s repository guide and schema documentation: repository documentation and schema documentation.
Use a VCS repository for a Git package
A VCS entry points Composer at the source repository rather than at a package index:
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{
"repositories": [
{
"type": "vcs",
"url": "[email protected]:team/private-package.git"
}
],
"require": {
"team/private-package": "dev-main"
}
}The Git repository must contain a valid package manifest. Tagged versions are preferable for repeatable production constraints; a development branch such as dev-main is appropriate only when you intentionally track ongoing development. Configure the SSH key or scoped token used by the Ubuntu account running Composer.
Use a path repository for local development
A path repository points at a directory on the same host:
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"repositories": [
{
"type": "path",
"url": "../packages/private-package",
"options": {
"symlink": true
}
}
]
}Symlinking lets edits in the package directory appear immediately in the application. Every developer and CI runner must have the same relative path or an equivalent layout. Do not use a machine-specific absolute path in a committed project unless the project is deliberately tied to that host.
Use an artifact repository for local archives
With artifact, Composer scans a directory for ZIP or TAR files. Each archive needs a root composer.json that declares its package name and version. This is useful when an internal build process creates archives and the installation host cannot reach the source-control server.
Use inline package metadata only when necessary
The package type embeds the name, version, dist URL, source information, and other metadata directly in the application manifest. Because the metadata is maintained by hand, it can drift from the actual release. Prefer a real Composer registry or VCS source when you control the package.
Configure authentication without leaking secrets
Private registries and private VCS repositories require credentials. Keep tokens, passwords, and private keys out of the committed composer.json. Composer supports authentication configuration and the COMPOSER_AUTH environment variable; Private Packagist documents HTTP basic authentication and environment-variable examples at packagist.com/docs/setup.
Store HTTP basic credentials in Composer’s auth configuration
On a workstation, Composer can write credentials to its authentication file with a command like:
composer config --global --auth http-basic.packages.example.org USERNAME TOKENUse a least-privilege account or token, and protect the resulting auth file with normal Unix permissions. On a shared build host, prefer the CI secret store rather than a developer’s global configuration.
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Provide credentials through COMPOSER_AUTH in CI
A CI job can inject a JSON value for one run. The exact credential keys depend on the repository’s authentication method:
export COMPOSER_AUTH='{"http-basic":{"packages.example.org":{"username":"ci-user","password":"secret-from-ci"}}}'
composer install --no-interactionDo not hard-code the example secret. Supply it from the runner’s protected secret mechanism, prevent it from being echoed in logs, and unset the variable after the job if the runner is reused.
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Use secure transport and scoped access
- Use HTTPS for Composer registry URLs.
- Use SSH keys or scoped access tokens for VCS access, with a separate credential for each automation context where practical.
- Rotate credentials when staff, runners, or repository permissions change.
- Record which team owns the repository and credentials so a replacement Ubuntu host can be configured without guesswork.
Host your own index with Satis
Satis is described by its project as a simple static Composer repository generator. It reads repository definitions and builds a static registry that can be served by ordinary web infrastructure. The usage guide is at composer.github.io/satis/using.
Build a Satis registry
A representative build flow is:
composer create-project --keep-vcs --no-dev composer/satis:dev-main satis
php satis/bin/satis build satis.json public/The first command creates a Satis working directory; the second reads satis.json and writes the generated repository to public/. Publish that directory behind HTTPS, then use its public URL in the application’s composer repository entry.
Satis release versions and PHP requirements are release-sensitive. Inspect the project’s current composer.json before pinning a version, and rebuild the output whenever source packages or their allowed versions change. Satis can describe VCS and SSH-backed sources, but the build host still needs the corresponding credentials.
Use managed hosting and mirroring
Private Packagist provides hosted access control and can mirror public dependencies. Its setup documentation explains how to add an organization repository URL, configure authentication, and optionally disable the default public registry: Private Packagist setup documentation.
Managed hosting is useful when a team wants centralized permissions, a stable endpoint for many Ubuntu machines, and less work maintaining an index and mirror. Direct VCS access is often adequate for a small number of packages; Satis gives you ownership of the generated static files; managed hosting shifts registry operations to the service. Decide using these operational questions:
- Who owns uptime, backups, upgrades, and access removal?
- Does CI need a single endpoint that mirrors public and private packages?
- Can the organization host the generated files and source archives itself?
- How will credentials be issued and rotated for developers and deployment runners?
Control repository priority and Packagist
Composer checks repository entries in their listed order. Put a private repository before a public one when the private package should take precedence, especially when both use the same package name. A private fork does not win merely because it is private.
If the project must obtain every dependency from a private mirror, configure the project to disable the default packagist.org repository as documented by Composer and Private Packagist. A typical repositories section is:
{
"repositories": [
{
"type": "composer",
"url": "https://packages.example.org"
},
"packagist.org": false
]
}Disabling the default source is a policy decision: packages absent from the mirror will no longer resolve from Packagist. Test the effect in a disposable branch or with a dry run before applying it to production, and inspect the dependency graph using the Composer version installed on the target Ubuntu host.
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- Install the required PHP CLI, extensions, and Composer version for the host’s Ubuntu release.
- Clone the application and enter its root directory.
- Provide repository credentials through the host’s protected auth configuration or CI secret injection.
- Run
composer validateto catch manifest errors. - Run
composer installto honor the committed lock file. Use--no-interactionin unattended jobs and add the project’s normal production flags only after verifying their effect. - Confirm that the application can load the installed package and that the web-service user can read the resulting
vendor/tree.
Use composer update vendor/package only when you intend to recalculate that dependency. Updating without a deliberate constraint review can change transitive packages and produce a lock-file diff larger than expected.
Troubleshoot common failures
“Could not find a matching version”
- Check that the package name and constraint exactly match the metadata published by the repository.
- Confirm that the URL is a Composer registry endpoint, not a source-control web page.
- Check repository order when a private and public source use the same name.
- For VCS packages, verify that the requested tag or branch exists and that its manifest declares the expected name.
HTTP 401 or 403 from a private registry
Verify the hostname in the auth configuration exactly matches the repository URL, then check token scope, expiration, and access to the requested package. In CI, confirm that COMPOSER_AUTH is valid JSON and that the secret is available to the job without printing it.
Git authentication or host-key errors
Test the repository URL as the same Unix user that runs Composer. Install the appropriate SSH key, load it for the job, and establish the host key through your organization’s normal secure process. A key that works in an interactive shell may be unavailable to a service account.
Composer still uses old VCS data
After changing a VCS driver or repository URL, clear Composer’s cache and run the update again. The repository guide specifically calls out cache refresh for stale VCS metadata:
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composer update vendor/packageA path package is not detected
Check the relative path from the project root, confirm the target directory exists on the current host, and validate the target package’s own composer.json. Disable symlinking only when the deployment environment cannot preserve links; otherwise a copied package can make local edits appear to have no effect.
The lock file changes unexpectedly
Review the repository list, package constraint, and Composer version before accepting the diff. Run a targeted update for the intended package, inspect the resulting dependency changes, and avoid deleting the lock file as a first response.
SSL or certificate failures
Use an HTTPS URL with a certificate trusted by the Ubuntu host. Do not solve certificate errors by disabling TLS verification; repair the server certificate chain or install the organization’s trusted CA through the approved operating-system process.
Operational checklist
- The custom repository is declared in the application’s root
composer.json. - The repository type matches the actual source: registry, VCS, local path, archive, or inline metadata.
- Repository order has been reviewed for private-package precedence.
- Credentials are outside committed files and are injected securely on CI runners.
- HTTPS, SSH keys, or scoped tokens are used for transport and access control.
composer validatepasses before dependency resolution.- Application lock-file policy is followed and the resulting lock file is committed when required.
- Satis output is rebuilt after source or version changes.
- The repository URL, package ownership, and credential ownership are documented for replacement Ubuntu hosts.
Which approach should you use?
| Situation | Best fit | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| One or two internal packages already maintained in Git | vcs |
Minimal infrastructure; Composer reads the source repository directly |
| Many packages and a preference for self-hosted static files | Satis with a composer endpoint |
Build once, serve the generated index, and control the hosting environment |
| Several teams need access control and public-package mirroring | Managed Private Packagist | Centralized permissions and mirroring reduce registry maintenance |
| Two packages are developed together on one workstation | path |
Local directories and optional symlinks give immediate feedback |
| An offline build consumes prebuilt archives | artifact |
Composer can scan local ZIP or TAR files without contacting the source server |
For most Ubuntu applications, start with a root-level repository declaration, validate it, authenticate outside version control, and install with a committed lock file. Move from direct VCS access to Satis or managed hosting when package count, mirroring, access control, or operational ownership makes a registry worthwhile.
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