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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsHost each domain in its own name-based HTTPS virtual host. Give every <VirtualHost *:443> block an explicit ServerName, only the ServerAlias names that belong to that site, that site’s DocumentRoot, its TLS certificate, and a matching <Directory> permission block. Point every domain’s DNS records at the Apache server, enable TLS and the sites, then validate the active vhost map. Apache uses SNI to choose the certificate during the TLS handshake and the hostname to choose the matching virtual host; when no name matches, the first vhost for that address and port is used as the fallback.
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The model: one HTTPS virtual host per site
Apache can serve many domains from one IP address and TCP port by using name-based virtual hosting. The important boundary is the HTTPS virtual host, not the server-wide configuration. Each independent site should have its own <VirtualHost *:443> block with a unique ServerName and an explicit DocumentRoot.
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Inside each
<VirtualHost>block, Apache requires at minimum aServerNameto designate which host is served and aDocumentRootto show where that host’s content lives.
For a request to https://example.com/, Apache first groups listeners by IP address and port, then compares the requested hostname with ServerName and ServerAlias. The selected block supplies the filesystem root, certificate, logs, and other site settings. If no hostname matches, Apache serves the first virtual host in that IP-and-port group. That fallback behavior is the most common reason a correctly configured domain appears to use another site’s DocumentRoot.
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| Hostname | HTTPS virtual host | DocumentRoot | Certificate | Logs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| example.com and www.example.com | <VirtualHost *:443> with ServerName example.com |
/var/www/example.com/public |
Certificate covering example.com and its intended aliases | example.com access and error logs |
| example.org and www.example.org | A separate <VirtualHost *:443> with ServerName example.org |
/var/www/example.org/public |
Certificate covering example.org and its intended aliases | example.org access and error logs |
Do not put two unrelated sites in one block merely because they share an IP. Put aliases in the same block only when those names should serve the same files and application.
Prerequisites to check before editing Apache
Configuration cannot compensate for a missing DNS record, a certificate that does not cover the requested name, or a listener that is not reachable on port 443. Check these items first:
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- Reachability: Apache must listen on the address and port clients use, normally TCP 443 for HTTPS and TCP 80 for the redirect.
- Certificates: Obtain a certificate and private key for each domain, or use a wildcard or Subject Alternative Name certificate whose names include every hostname in that virtual host.
- Apache TLS support: The SSL module and an SNI-capable TLS stack are required when several certificates share one IP and port.
- Filesystem: Each DocumentRoot must exist, contain the intended site files, and be searchable by the Apache user through every parent directory.
- Authorization: A matching
<Directory>block must permit access, for example withRequire all grantedwhere public access is intended. - Isolation: Keep unrelated sites in separate directories and use separate logs so a request can be traced to one configuration.
Choose a predictable directory layout
A per-domain layout makes a wrong-root error obvious and limits accidental cross-site access. For example:
/var/www/example.com/public/index.html
/var/www/example.org/public/index.htmlThe final directory named by DocumentRoot is the directory Apache serves for the URL path /. If the browser requests /images/logo.svg, Apache looks for that path below the selected root. A different root means a different site, even when both domains point to the same server.
Create the directories and place a distinctive test file in each one before troubleshooting vhosts. A page containing the domain name, such as example.com test, prevents you from mistaking a cached or generic index page for the selected site.
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Write the HTTP redirect and HTTPS virtual hosts
Use a port-80 vhost to redirect clear-text requests and a separate port-443 vhost for each domain. Repeat aliases in the redirect block so every intended HTTP hostname reaches the correct HTTPS URL.
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<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName example.com
ServerAlias www.example.com
Redirect permanent / https://example.com/
</VirtualHost>
# Domain 1
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName example.com
ServerAlias www.example.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/example.com/public
SSLEngine On
SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/example.com/fullchain.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/example.com/privkey.pem
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/example.com-error.log
CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/example.com-access.log combined
<Directory /var/www/example.com/public>
Require all granted
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>
# Domain 2
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName example.org
ServerAlias www.example.org
DocumentRoot /var/www/example.org/public
SSLEngine On
SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/example.org/fullchain.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/example.org/privkey.pem
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/example.org-error.log
CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/example.org-access.log combined
<Directory /var/www/example.org/public>
Require all granted
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>The certificate paths above are examples, not universal locations. Substitute the paths created by your certificate issuer and operating system. The private-key file should be readable by Apache’s TLS process but not broadly readable by untrusted users.
Keep aliases intentional
ServerName is the primary name. Add a ServerAlias only when that hostname should serve the same application and files. If www.example.com should redirect to the apex name rather than render the same site directly, create a deliberate redirect policy instead of silently treating it as an alias.
Match the Directory path exactly
The path in <Directory> must match the real DocumentRoot, including case and every parent directory. Granting access to /var/www/example.com while serving /var/www/example.com/public can work only if the effective authorization also covers the child; an exact block is easier to audit. Conversely, a typo in the Directory path can leave the correct vhost selected but produce a 403 response.
Enable TLS, sites, and listeners
Enable the SSL module and the configuration files using your distribution’s tools. On Debian- and Ubuntu-style systems, a typical sequence is:
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- Enable the SSL module with
sudo a2enmod ssl. - Save each site in its own configuration file under the distribution’s Apache sites directory, then enable it with
sudo a2ensite example.com.confandsudo a2ensite example.org.conf. - Confirm Apache has a listener for HTTPS. The active configuration should include a
Listen 443directive, either directly or through the distribution’s SSL configuration. - Check syntax with
sudo apachectl configtest. Do not reload until it reports a successful syntax check. - Inspect the assembled vhost map with
sudo apachectl -S. Command names and site-enable helpers vary by distribution; use the equivalent command provided by your package. - Reload Apache, for example with
sudo systemctl reload apache2. A reload applies configuration without unnecessarily terminating existing connections.
On systems that use a different service name or do not provide a2ensite, edit the enabled configuration location documented by that distribution and use its corresponding syntax-test and reload commands. The principles remain the same: load the SSL module, load every vhost, test, inspect, and reload.
Why SNI is required for different certificates on one IP
With ordinary HTTP, Apache can read the Host header after the connection is established. TLS certificate selection happens earlier, during the handshake, before that HTTP header exists. Server Name Indication (SNI) places the requested hostname in the TLS handshake so Apache can select the correct SSL virtual host and present the corresponding certificate.
SNI allows many virtual hosts to share one IP address and port while retaining unique certificates and independent configuration. Modern browsers and clients generally support it, but a legacy non-SNI client cannot reliably select among multiple certificate-based vhosts on the same address. If such clients are a requirement, use a certificate covering all required names, a separate IP address, or a separate port and endpoint design.
The first SSL vhost is also significant. If a client supplies no hostname, does not support SNI, or supplies a name that matches no ServerName or ServerAlias, Apache uses the first vhost for that address and port. Put a deliberate, restrictive default first rather than allowing an unknown hostname to expose a real site’s content.
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Testing one layer at a time prevents a DNS problem from being misdiagnosed as a DocumentRoot problem.
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- Resolve the names: Check the A and AAAA answers for every hostname. They should lead to the server that runs these vhosts. If IPv6 points elsewhere while IPv4 points here, some users will consistently reach a different server.
- Test the HTTP redirect: Request each port-80 hostname and confirm it redirects to the intended HTTPS hostname, not to another domain.
- Test certificate identity: Open each HTTPS name and inspect the certificate’s Subject Alternative Name list. The requested hostname must be covered.
- Test a unique file: Request a file that exists only under the selected domain’s root. This proves the DocumentRoot, rather than just the certificate, is correct.
- Read the per-site logs: A request to example.com should appear in example.com’s access log. An entry in another site’s log points to hostname matching, listener, or fallback ordering rather than application code.
- Compare the live map: Run
apachectl -Safter every significant edit and verify both*:80and*:443contain the expected names, files, and order.
For a server-side test that bypasses public DNS while preserving the TLS hostname, a client can use a hostname-to-address override such as curl --resolve example.com:443:203.0.113.10 https://example.com/. Replace the example address with the server’s real test address; do not publish documentation that points readers at an address they do not control.
Fixing the wrong DocumentRoot
When one domain displays another domain’s files, work through these checks in order.
1. Confirm the exact hostname
Check the address bar, redirects, and the requested spelling. example.com, www.example.com, and a typo or alternate subdomain are separate names. Add the alternate name to ServerAlias only if it is supposed to serve that same root. Otherwise create its own vhost or an explicit redirect.
2. Confirm DNS, including IPv6
Apache does not publish DNS. Verify every A and AAAA record resolves to this host. A stale record, a second server, or an AAAA record pointing elsewhere can make a perfectly correct local configuration appear broken.
3. Confirm the address and port group
An HTTPS request must reach the vhost group that listens on the address and port the client uses. Make sure the block is <VirtualHost *:443>, or uses the actual local address bound to 443, and make sure Apache is listening on 443. A block written only for port 80 cannot answer an HTTPS request.
4. Inspect vhost ordering
If the hostname is absent from every ServerName and ServerAlias, Apache selects the first vhost in the matching address-and-port group. Reorder the files or add the missing name. Do not rely on alphabetical file ordering as an undocumented security policy; make the intended default explicit and verify it with the vhost-dump command.
5. Check SNI and the certificate together
If the certificate is valid for one domain but the other domain’s content appears, the client may be reaching the first SSL vhost because it did not send SNI or because the requested name is not configured. Modern clients should send SNI, but legacy clients need a multi-name certificate or a separate endpoint.
6. Verify the root and authorization
Confirm that every DocumentRoot exists, contains the expected index or application entry point, and has a matching <Directory> rule with the required access permission. A correct vhost with a missing directory commonly yields a 404 or startup warning; a directory blocked by authorization commonly yields 403.
7. Read the right logs
Separate ErrorLog and CustomLog directives make selection visible. Look at the timestamped request in each site’s access log and any corresponding error entry. If the request is logged only by the first site’s files, Apache selected that vhost before it considered the filesystem path.
Choosing between shared IPs, certificates, and roots
SNI is normally the simplest design, but the alternatives matter when client compatibility, certificate management, or network policy changes.
| Design choice | Advantages | Costs and limits | When it fits |
|---|---|---|---|
| One IP, one certificate per domain, SNI vhosts | Independent certificates, roots, logs, and settings; conserves IPv4 addresses. | Requires SNI-capable clients and careful hostname matching. | The normal design for current browsers and APIs. |
| One IP with a wildcard certificate | One certificate can cover many names within the wildcard’s scope. | Wildcard coverage has naming limits and does not automatically cover unrelated domains or every subdomain level. | Several related subdomains share a certificate-management policy. |
| One IP with a Subject Alternative Name certificate | Several explicitly listed names can use one certificate, including names from different subdomains. | Adding or removing names requires certificate reissuance and careful inventory. | A controlled set of names must work with clients that benefit from one certificate. |
| Separate IP addresses | Separates listeners and can support clients or policies that cannot use SNI. | Consumes addresses and adds network configuration and certificate endpoints to maintain. | Legacy-client compatibility or strict network isolation is required. |
| Separate ports | Separates endpoints without additional IP addresses. | Users must specify nonstandard ports, and normal HTTPS expectations and firewalls may not fit. | Controlled internal services rather than ordinary public websites. |
| Shared filesystem root | Fewer directories to create. | Sites can overwrite or expose one another’s files, and a root-selection mistake affects all names. | Only when the names intentionally serve one application and share content. |
| Separate filesystem roots and logs | Clear ownership, easier backups and troubleshooting, and better isolation. | More directories, certificates, and configuration entries to maintain. | Independent domains, applications, or teams. |
Use a deliberate default vhost
Because unmatched names go to the first vhost, the default is a security and troubleshooting decision. A minimal default can reject unknown hostnames rather than serving a production site’s files. For example, place a first *:443 block with a certificate chosen for the server’s administrative name and a non-public or empty root, then place customer or production vhosts after it. The exact rejection policy depends on the application and Apache version; the essential point is that an accidental hostname must not reveal a real site’s content.
Apply the same thinking to port 80. An unknown HTTP hostname should not be redirected into a legitimate domain unless that behavior is intentional. Keep the redirect target tied to the names declared in that redirect vhost.
Quick Recap
Operational practices that prevent future mix-ups
- One file per domain: Name configuration files after the primary domain so the enabled set is easy to audit.
- One root per independent site: Avoid copying an index file between roots as a substitute for fixing vhost selection.
- One log pair per domain: Keep access and error records separate, and retain enough history to correlate configuration changes with failures.
- Document certificate coverage: Record which names each certificate covers and where its key and chain files are stored.
- Test after every change: Run the syntax check, inspect the vhost map, reload, and request a domain-specific test file.
- Keep aliases narrow: An alias is a routing rule. Broad or accidental aliases are a common way to make a domain appear to use the wrong root.
- Account for both address families: If you publish AAAA records, ensure IPv6 reaches the same Apache configuration and firewall policy as IPv4.
Configuration checklist
- Create a separate directory and test file for each independent domain.
- Verify A and AAAA records for every primary name and intended alias.
- Obtain certificates whose names cover the HTTPS hostnames.
- Create one port-80 redirect vhost per redirect policy.
- Create one port-443 vhost per site with explicit
ServerName, intentional aliases, DocumentRoot, TLS directives, logs, and Directory authorization. - Enable the SSL module, site files, and listeners required by your distribution.
- Run the syntax test before reloading.
- Use the vhost-dump command to verify names, ports, files, and first-vhost order.
- Reload Apache and test each domain over HTTP and HTTPS.
- Check the certificate, unique content, and per-site logs before declaring the setup complete.
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