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What WordPress security keys and salts do
WordPress keeps eight related secret values in wp-config.php. Four are authentication keys and four are salts. Together they add unpredictable material to authentication cookies, logged-in state and nonce-related data. The keys provide the enhanced security mechanism; the salts add further random data to the values WordPress generates. WordPress includes all eight constants in a normal configuration by default.
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| Constant | Role |
|---|---|
AUTH_KEY |
Secret material for authentication cookies. |
SECURE_AUTH_KEY |
Secret material for secure authentication cookies. |
LOGGED_IN_KEY |
Secret material for logged-in cookies. |
NONCE_KEY |
Key material used when WordPress creates nonce-related values. |
AUTH_SALT |
Additional random data for authentication values. |
SECURE_AUTH_SALT |
Additional random data for secure authentication values. |
LOGGED_IN_SALT |
Additional random data for logged-in values. |
NONCE_SALT |
Additional random data for nonce-related values. |
They are not passwords that visitors type, and they are not a substitute for updating WordPress, themes or plugins. Their main operational benefit is that replacing them invalidates existing cookies. That makes rotation useful after a suspected configuration disclosure, an incident involving an administrator account, or a handoff where old operators should no longer retain session access.
Prepare safely before rotating values
A key rotation edits a live PHP configuration file. Prepare a recovery path before changing anything.
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- Make a tested backup. Copy the current
wp-config.phpto a protected location and confirm that you can restore it. A backup that has never been tested is not a reliable rollback. - Identify the active file. The file is normally in the WordPress installation root, but WordPress can load it from a configured location and the hardening handbook notes that it may also be stored one directory above the installation. In multisite, containers or scripted deployments, verify which file the running application actually loads.
- Schedule a maintenance window. All current sessions expire together, so editors, administrators and integrations that rely on a WordPress login will need to authenticate again.
- Check how configuration is managed. If deployment code, an image build, an environment template or a secret store generates
wp-config.php, plan to change that source as well as the live file. Otherwise the next deployment can silently restore the old values. - Keep the secrets private. Do not paste generated lines into support tickets, screenshots, public repositories or chat rooms. Anyone who obtains them may interfere with session security.
- Confirm access. Have a working administrator login, hosting-console access or shell access available before you begin, along with a way to inspect PHP error logs if the site fails to parse the file.
Method 1: use the official WordPress key generator
This method works when you can securely edit the configuration file but do not have shell access. The WordPress core sample file references the official generator at https://api.wordpress.org/secret-key/1.1/salt/.
- Back up the active configuration. Save a copy of
wp-config.phpoutside any publicly served directory, and verify its contents can be restored. - Open the active
wp-config.php. Use the installation root or the configured location you verified during preparation. Do not edit an unused sample file or a template that is not connected to the running site. - Open the official service over HTTPS. It returns a complete set of eight
define()statements. Generate a new set for this installation rather than copying the illustrative values shown in WordPress documentation. Documentation examples are examples, not secrets. - Select the existing eight definitions. They begin with
define( 'AUTH_KEY'and end withdefine( 'NONCE_SALT'. Keep the constant names and the surrounding PHP structure intact. - Replace the block with the generated lines. Preserve the opening and closing PHP delimiters, quotation marks, commas and semicolons. Do not add smart quotes, rich-text formatting or accidental characters from an editor.
- Save with restrictive access. The web server must be able to read the file, but unrelated users and processes should not. Never place a second copy in a web-accessible directory.
- Test immediately. Load the public site, open the administration sign-in page and sign in with a known administrator account. Exercise critical functions such as publishing, media uploads and any integration that authenticates to WordPress.
- Notify users. Tell every user that a new sign-in is required. WordPress states in its core sample file: "You can change these at any point in time to invalidate all existing cookies."
Editing details that prevent common mistakes
Do not change the constant names, remove a comma, or leave one old definition mixed with seven new ones. The generated text is PHP source, not a value to paste into a settings field. If your editor adds a byte-order mark or converts quotation marks, use a plain-text or code editor and check the file before uploading it. Keep the generated values exactly as returned; trimming characters or adding spaces inside the quoted strings changes the secrets.
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Method 2: rotate with WP-CLI
WP-CLI is usually the better choice for repeatable administration, remote maintenance and deployment automation. From the WordPress installation directory, run:
wp config shuffle-saltsThe command refreshes the salts and keys in the wp-config.php used by that WordPress installation. Run it as the system user and in the environment that owns the live site; running it in a development checkout does not rotate production values.
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Inspect the target before and after
These related commands help you establish which file and environment you are changing:
wp config path
wp config list
wp config get AUTH_KEY --type=constantwp config path identifies the configuration path WP-CLI is using. wp config list displays recognized configuration entries, while wp config get can retrieve a named constant when you need to verify that a definition exists. Treat any command output containing secret values as sensitive terminal data; do not paste it into logs or tickets.
Use a controlled shell procedure
- Change to the production WordPress directory or supply the correct path in your normal WP-CLI invocation.
- Confirm that the command resolves to the intended site and configuration file.
- Capture a protected backup of
wp-config.phpbefore running the rotation. - Run
wp config shuffle-saltsonce. - Check the command’s exit status and inspect the file for intact PHP syntax without publishing its secrets.
- Open the site and administration login, then sign in again and test critical workflows.
- Update the deployment template or secret store if it owns the file, and record the change without recording the secret values.
Browser generator or WP-CLI?
Both approaches ultimately replace the same eight constants. Choose according to the access and controls available to you.
| Consideration | Official browser generator | wp config shuffle-salts |
|---|---|---|
| Operator access | Secure file-editing access and a browser; no shell required. | Shell access, WP-CLI and permission to modify the target installation. |
| Repeatability | Manual replacement each time, with greater opportunity for copy-and-paste errors. | One documented command that can be repeated consistently. |
| Auditability | Depends on your change-management record and protected backup. | Fits shell history, deployment logs and approved maintenance workflows, provided logs do not contain secret values. |
| Automation | Not well suited to unattended rotation because a person must transfer generated text. | Can be incorporated into an approved maintenance script or runbook. |
| Rollback | Restore the saved file, then retest PHP and login access. | Restore the protected pre-command backup, then retest; do not assume rerunning the command reverses anything. |
The browser method is appropriate for a one-off change on managed hosting. WP-CLI is preferable when you maintain several environments, need a repeatable runbook or must rotate during an incident. Neither method is safer if the operator exposes the resulting values or edits the wrong configuration file.
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What changes when you replace the eight values
Existing authentication cookies no longer validate against the new key and salt material. Administrators, editors, customers and other logged-in users are sent through sign-in again when their old cookies are checked. Nonce-related values generated with the old material also stop being accepted, so an already-open form or action may need to be reloaded.
Expect a short burst of sign-in activity after the change. Password managers, single sign-on connections and external tools may ask for authorization again if they depended on a WordPress session. Coordinate with the people who publish content or operate integrations, and avoid starting a deployment that overwrites the file while users are reconnecting.
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When rotation is useful—and what it cannot fix
Useful situations
- You suspect that
wp-config.phpor a backup containing it was disclosed. - An administrator, contractor or hosting operator who may have retained session access leaves the project.
- You are responding to an incident and want to invalidate currently issued cookies as one containment action.
- You discover that the site is still using shared, copied or otherwise untrusted values and can replace them with unique generated values.
Limits of a key change
- It does not patch WordPress core, themes or plugins.
- It does not remove malware, web shells or unauthorized users.
- It does not revoke application passwords, reset ordinary account passwords or correct weak file permissions.
- It does not replace least-privilege administration, backups, monitoring, updates or server hardening.
- It does not guarantee that an attacker is gone if the attacker still controls code or an account that can rewrite the configuration.
During an incident, preserve evidence and coordinate the rotation with password resets, plugin remediation, access review and malware cleanup. If you rotate first and investigate later, keep the pre-change backup protected so it does not become a second source of leaked secrets.
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Protect wp-config.php after the change
The configuration file contains database credentials as well as the eight key and salt values, so it deserves the same protection as any other production secret. The WordPress hardening guidance says the file may be placed one directory above the WordPress installation and should generally be readable only by its owner and the web server. It also documents server rules that deny web requests for the file.
- Set filesystem ownership and permissions so ordinary users cannot read the file.
- Configure the web server to deny direct requests for
wp-config.php; a correctly configured PHP server should not serve its source, but an explicit deny rule is an additional safeguard. - Keep backups, container layers and deployment artifacts that contain the file out of public storage and shared downloads.
- Use a protected secret store or environment-specific template when your deployment system supports one, and restrict who can read or change it.
- Review web-server, hosting-panel and source-control access whenever an operator changes.
- Redact key and salt values from diagnostics, support exports and configuration-management logs.
Troubleshooting after a rotation
The site shows a PHP parse error or a blank page
Restore the tested backup immediately if the site cannot load. Then compare the edited block with the generated output and check for missing quotes, commas, semicolons or PHP delimiters. Reapply the values with a plain-text editor, save, and test again. If a deployment process rewrites the file, correct its template before restoring service or the parse error may return.
Everyone is unexpectedly logged out
This is the expected effect of changing the values, not evidence that the rotation failed. Ask users to sign in again and reload pages containing stale forms. If only some users cannot return, investigate account, password, single sign-on or plugin-specific issues separately.
The new values appear to vanish after deployment
Find the system that owns the file: an image build, configuration template, infrastructure script or secret store. Update that source, redeploy deliberately, and verify the active path with wp config path. Editing only a generated live file is temporary when automation is authoritative.
WP-CLI reports that the wrong site was changed
Stop and restore the correct backup if necessary. Run the command from the intended installation directory, verify the path and environment, and ensure that container volume mounts point to the production configuration. In multisite, distinguish the network’s shared configuration from any separate application or container instance before repeating the operation.
An integration stops working
First test a normal administrator sign-in and the public site. Then reauthenticate the affected integration if it uses a WordPress cookie or nonce. Do not immediately revert the rotation merely because a session expired; reverting restores the old secret and may undo the containment benefit.
Multisite, containers and managed deployments
WordPress multisite commonly shares one wp-config.php across the network, so changing the constants can invalidate sessions for every site that uses that file. Tell network administrators and site owners in advance. If separate containers or releases mount different configuration files, rotate the instance that serves real traffic and then update the image or secret source used for future instances.
Blue-green and rolling deployments need special care. During a transition, every serving instance must use the same intended set of values or users may appear to log in and then be rejected by another instance. Change the authoritative secret source, deploy consistently, and test through the load balancer rather than only against one container.
Verification checklist
Complete these checks without exposing the generated strings:
- The active configuration path was identified.
- A restorable pre-change backup exists in protected storage.
- All eight constants were replaced, with no old definitions left in the active block.
- The PHP file has valid syntax and restrictive ownership and permissions.
- The public site loads without a configuration error.
- An administrator can sign in with the new session.
- Publishing, media and other critical workflows work.
- Users and integration owners were told that old sessions expired.
- Deployment templates, secret stores and container images will not reintroduce the old values.
- No key or salt value appears in logs, screenshots, tickets or repositories.
Place rotation in a broader hardening plan
Use unique generated values for each independent WordPress environment rather than copying production secrets into staging or development. Limit access to the configuration file, keep WordPress and extensions current, remove software you do not use, enforce strong account authentication and review administrator privileges. Maintain tested backups and monitor for unexpected file changes. Those measures address weaknesses that changing keys and salts alone cannot.
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