The Tool Desk
Outbyte PC Repair FREEClear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →Outbyte Driver Updater FREEScan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →Most PS1 polygon wobble is caused by the console’s low-precision, fixed-point vertex math. Start with a hardware renderer and enable PGXP in memory only mode; add PGXP Perspective Correct Texturing if floors or walls swim. For authentic color, use 16bpp (native) with 1x (native) dithering. For smoother gradients, test 32bpp with internal-resolution or disabled dithering, then keep the combination that works for that game.
Change one option at a time, save settings per game, and restart the content when the emulator marks an option as requiring a restart. PGXP improves geometry but can introduce title-specific errors, so a per-game fallback is part of a correct setup rather than a failure.
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Why PS1 games wobble, swim, and show banding
The original PlayStation rendered polygons with fixed-point calculations and rounded vertex positions to integer pixels. As the camera moves, a vertex can jump from one pixel to the next instead of moving smoothly. Long edges, thin walls, and objects close to the camera make the jump especially obvious. This is the classic polygon wobble.
PGXP adds subpixel precision to the geometry calculations. It can reduce or eliminate the visible jitter, but it is an enhancement rather than an exact replay of the original hardware. Some games depend on the old rounding behavior, so corrected geometry can expose gaps, distorted objects, or other incompatibilities.
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A separate artifact is texture swimming. Original-style affine texture mapping does not fully account for depth across a polygon. A floor, wall, or texture line may appear to warp as the viewpoint changes even when the polygon vertices are stable. PGXP’s perspective-correct texturing compensates for that depth-related distortion.
Color complaints have two common causes. The PS1’s 16-bit color output can show visible bands in skies, fog, and shaded surfaces. The console used ordered dithering to make those transitions appear smoother. An emulator can preserve that native look, calculate colors at 32-bit precision, or disable dithering; each choice changes both authenticity and how artifacts appear at higher internal resolutions.
Make a reversible baseline first
Do not begin by changing every enhancement. A baseline lets you identify the option that fixed the problem and quickly undo a setting that breaks a game.
- Start the affected game at your normal resolution and renderer.
- Capture a screenshot of a scene that shows the wobble, texture swimming, banding, or washed-out colors. Keep the save state or an in-game location so you can reproduce the same camera angle.
- Save or export the current per-game configuration if your emulator offers that function. If it does not, write down the renderer, internal resolution, PGXP options, color depth, and dithering values.
- Change one setting, reload the same scene, and compare screenshots. Avoid judging a fix from a different room or camera angle.
Use a scene with a stationary object and a moving camera for geometry checks. For color checks, use a gradient such as a sky, fog bank, or dark wall; a bright menu is a poor test because it contains few gradual tones.
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Choose a renderer that can run the enhancements
PGXP and high internal resolutions are normally exposed by a hardware renderer. In Beetle PSX HW, Vulkan is documented as a stable alternative when the host GPU and driver support it. The list of available renderers is hardware- and driver-dependent, so an option shown in one installation may be absent in another.
When to use a hardware renderer
- Use a hardware renderer for PGXP, perspective-correct texturing, and internal-resolution scaling.
- Prefer Vulkan in Beetle PSX HW when it is available and your driver is stable with it.
- If Vulkan produces crashes, missing effects, or a blank screen, try another available hardware backend before changing PGXP. The renderer itself can be the source of the failure.
- Keep a software renderer as a diagnostic fallback. If a visual problem disappears only in software mode, the issue is likely renderer compatibility rather than the game’s data.
Update the graphics driver through the operating system or GPU vendor before troubleshooting a renderer that fails to initialize. Do not assume that a faster graphics card will correct geometry errors; PGXP compatibility and the emulator’s implementation matter more than raw performance.
Beetle PSX HW: a safe PGXP setup
Menu names can vary slightly by RetroArch or core version, but the relevant Beetle PSX HW options use the labels below. Apply them in this order.
- Select the hardware renderer. Open the core’s video or renderer options and choose a supported hardware backend. Vulkan is a documented choice when available.
- Set PGXP Operation Mode to memory only. This enables subpixel precision with minor compatibility issues and is the recommended starting point for broad game compatibility.
- Enable PGXP Perspective Correct Texturing when textures warp. Turn it on if floors, walls, road markings, or long texture lines visibly bend or swim with camera movement. Leave it off initially if your only symptom is vertex wobble; isolating the features makes troubleshooting easier.
- Leave PGXP Vertex Cache disabled at first. The cache can improve results in some scenes, but false positives can produce graphical glitches. Enable it only as a targeted experiment after the basic setup works.
- Test the same scene. Move the camera slowly around the object and check both near and distant geometry. A setting that looks correct in one view can reveal a compatibility error in another.
- Record the working values per game. Do not force one global PGXP profile on every title. Save the profile if your frontend supports content-specific overrides.
PGXP modes and their trade-offs
| PGXP setting | What it changes | Compatibility and performance | When to choose it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Disabled | Reproduces the original fixed-point behavior, including normal polygon wobble. | Highest compatibility with effects and game logic; lowest enhancement overhead. | Use for an authentic presentation or when PGXP causes broken geometry. |
| Memory only | Adds subpixel precision using the geometry data available in memory. | Libretro documents minor compatibility issues and recommends it for best overall compatibility. | Use as the default fix for polygon jitter. |
| Memory + CPU | Uses additional CPU-side processing to recover or refine more geometry information. | Highly demanding and known to cause geometry errors in some games. | Try only when memory only leaves objectionable wobble and you are willing to keep a per-game fallback. |
Memory + CPU is not automatically “better.” A title with a small amount of residual wobble may look worse if the stronger mode bends models, misplaces polygons, or creates holes. If that happens, return to memory only before disabling PGXP entirely.
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Stop texture swimming and warped surfaces
Identify a texture problem
Texture swimming is tied to the image painted on a polygon rather than the polygon’s outline. A checkerboard floor may ripple while its boundary remains in place; a wall line may bend as you walk past it. These are signs to test perspective correction.
Enable perspective correction deliberately
Turn on PGXP Perspective Correct Texturing after PGXP Operation Mode is set. Revisit the same floor, wall, or road scene and move the camera at a constant speed. If the texture now stays anchored to the surface without introducing cracks or missing polygons, keep the option for that game.
What to do if correction creates new glitches
- Turn off PGXP Vertex Cache if it was enabled. False-positive cache matches can cause isolated graphical errors.
- Return PGXP Operation Mode to memory only if you were testing memory + CPU.
- Disable perspective-correct texturing for that title if geometry is stable but textures become torn, offset, or invisible.
- Use PGXP disabled for the affected game when the original rendering is more reliable than any corrected mode.
Do not judge texture correction at an extreme internal resolution alone. A high-resolution image can make a one-pixel seam or an interpolation error easier to see even when the underlying correction is working as designed.
Fix banding, washed-out gradients, and an overly clean image
Start by deciding whether you want the native PS1 appearance or a smoother modern presentation. The emulator’s color-depth and dithering controls are separate decisions.
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Native-looking output
Choose 16bpp (native) for the original color precision and 1x (native) dithering to retain the console’s method of softening transitions. This combination preserves characteristic dither patterns in skies, fog, and shadows. It may look grainier than a modern image, but that pattern is part of the original presentation.
Smoother gradients
Choose 32bpp when you want calculations and output with more available color precision. Then test either dithering at internal resolution or dithering disabled. Internal-resolution dithering keeps a dither process while matching the scaled image; disabled dithering removes the pattern entirely.
At high internal resolutions, disabled dithering can make banding more apparent, not less. The enlarged image gives each broad color step more screen area, while the native dither pattern that once hid the transition is gone. Compare screenshots at the display size you actually use before deciding that a setting failed.
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Color-setting comparison
| Color depth | Dithering choice | Visual result | Best fit |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16bpp (native) | 1x (native) | Original precision and native dither pattern; visible banding is softened in the same style as the console. | Authentic hardware-like output. |
| 16bpp (native) | Internal resolution | Native color precision with dithering applied at the scaled rendering resolution. | When you want a dithered look but are rendering above native resolution. |
| 16bpp (native) | Disabled | Native color steps without the pattern that masks them; banding can be obvious. | A deliberate clean, raw-color experiment. |
| 32bpp | 1x (native) | More color precision combined with a native-scale dither pattern; the result may look neither fully native nor fully clean. | A transitional test when you prefer smoother calculations but still want visible dithering. |
| 32bpp | Internal resolution | Smoother color precision with dithering matched to the higher render resolution. | A balanced modern presentation. |
| 32bpp | Disabled | Cleanest image with no dither pattern, but broad gradients can still show steps at high scale. | Users who prefer an untextured, modern image and accept possible banding. |
“Washed out” can also mean that a title’s original palette is being viewed without its expected dither pattern. Compare 16bpp/native settings before altering unrelated display controls. If the same scene remains pale in every color combination, check the emulator’s general video output and the display’s own picture mode separately; PGXP does not change color saturation.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.DuckStation: map the same ideas to its UI
DuckStation exposes the same broad controls under its own menus: a hardware renderer, internal resolution, and PGXP or geometry-correction options. Exact labels, defaults, and menu locations vary by version, so use the search field or graphics settings page rather than following a hard-coded path from an older guide.
- Open the graphics settings and select a hardware renderer that works reliably on your system.
- Enable PGXP or geometry correction, then test the game before adding optional texture corrections.
- Enable perspective-correct texturing when floors, walls, or lines swim; leave vertex-cache options at their conservative default until you have a reproducible reason to change them.
- Raise internal resolution only after geometry is stable. Resolution changes improve edge clarity but cannot repair incorrect vertices.
- Use the game properties or per-title settings to disable PGXP when a particular game develops broken geometry.
Because DuckStation and Beetle PSX HW implement similar concepts with different interfaces, do not copy a setting name literally from one emulator to the other. Match the function: renderer, PGXP geometry mode, perspective-correct texturing, vertex caching, color depth, and dithering.
Symptom-based troubleshooting
Polygons still wobble after PGXP memory only
- Confirm that the selected renderer is hardware and that the game was restarted if the core marks the option “Restart.”
- Check the same object with perspective-correct texturing enabled; some scenes combine geometry and texture artifacts.
- Try memory + CPU only for that title, watching for holes, stretched models, or misplaced polygons.
- If the stronger mode introduces errors, revert to memory only or disable PGXP for the game.
Floors or walls swim, but models look stable
- Enable PGXP Perspective Correct Texturing.
- Keep PGXP Vertex Cache disabled during the first test.
- Lower internal resolution temporarily so seams and interpolation errors are easier to distinguish from scaling artifacts.
- If textures break while geometry remains correct, disable perspective correction for that game and retain the stable geometry settings.
Banding became worse after increasing resolution
- Check whether dithering was disabled. At high internal resolutions, removing dithering can expose larger-looking color steps.
- Compare 32bpp with internal-resolution dithering against 32bpp with dithering disabled.
- For the most authentic result, return to 16bpp (native) with 1x (native) dithering.
The image looks too clean or unlike a real PS1
- Use 16bpp (native) rather than 32bpp.
- Set dithering to 1x (native).
- Reduce internal resolution to a level that does not magnify every texture edge and dither pattern.
- Disable PGXP for a direct comparison with original hardware behavior.
A game has missing polygons or distorted geometry
- Disable PGXP Vertex Cache if it is on.
- Change Memory + CPU to Memory only.
- Disable perspective-correct texturing if the problem is limited to surfaces.
- Disable PGXP entirely for that game and keep the override saved.
Performance, restarts, and per-game profiles
Memory + CPU PGXP can be highly demanding because it adds CPU-side processing. A renderer change, color-depth change, or core option marked “Restart” may not take effect until the game content is closed and relaunched. If a setting appears to do nothing, perform a full restart before testing again.
Keep global settings conservative and create exceptions for games that benefit from stronger correction. A practical global profile is hardware rendering, PGXP memory only, vertex cache disabled, and your chosen color/dithering combination. Per-game overrides then handle titles that need PGXP disabled, perspective correction off, or a different color mode.
When comparing two profiles, hold the emulator version, renderer, internal resolution, display scaling, and scene constant. Otherwise you may attribute a change in sharpness or color to PGXP when it was caused by a different variable.
A quick decision framework
| Priority | Recommended starting profile | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| Original hardware behavior | PGXP disabled; 16bpp (native); 1x (native) dithering; native or modest internal resolution. | Wobble and affine texture behavior remain visible. |
| Stable geometry with broad compatibility | Hardware renderer; PGXP memory only; vertex cache disabled. | Some residual jitter may remain, and a few titles may still need overrides. |
| Maximum correction on a capable system | Hardware renderer; PGXP memory + CPU; perspective-correct texturing. | High CPU demand and a greater risk of title-specific geometry errors. |
| Smoother modern gradients | 32bpp; internal-resolution dithering first, then compare disabled dithering. | Less authentic color behavior; disabled dithering can reveal banding at high resolution. |
Final validation checklist
- Test a reproducible scene rather than relying on memory.
- Move the camera slowly to expose vertex jumps and texture warping.
- Inspect both near and distant geometry.
- Compare a sky, fog, or shadow gradient for banding.
- Confirm that every changed option actually applied after a restart.
- Save the working configuration as a per-game profile.
- Keep a fallback with PGXP disabled for any title that develops broken geometry.
The reliable order is renderer first, PGXP memory only second, perspective correction only when textures need it, and stronger modes only as controlled per-game experiments. Treat color depth and dithering as a separate visual choice: native 16bpp with 1x dithering preserves the PS1 look, while 32bpp and internal-resolution or disabled dithering let you pursue smoother or cleaner gradients with different compromises.
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