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This guide shows the complete setup for upstream installations and Debian packages, including directory ownership, deterministic PATH settings, drop-in overrides, logging, and the failure modes that most often stop a service from starting.
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What you are configuring
Buildbot uses two different daemons. A master coordinates schedulers, changes, builders, and workers. A worker is the lighter execution agent that connects to a master and runs build commands. They can live on the same VPS for a small installation, but they are separate instances and should have separate working directories and service definitions.
| Role | Install command | Create-instance command | Typical systemd name |
|---|---|---|---|
| Master | pip install buildbot |
buildbot create-master NAME |
[email protected] |
| Worker | pip install buildbot-worker |
buildbot-worker create-worker NAME MASTER-HOSTNAME NAME PASSWORD |
[email protected] |
The instance name is the value substituted for %i in a systemd template. It is not an arbitrary label: it normally maps to the directory that contains that instance’s configuration and runtime files. Decide the names before installing units so the service command, path, and logs all agree.
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Prerequisites and installation choices
Choose the component deliberately
Install the master package only where the Buildbot master will run. Install the worker package on each machine that executes jobs. The documented upstream installation commands are:
python3 -m pip install buildbot
python3 -m pip install buildbot-workerRun only the command needed for the role on that VPS. Distribution packages can lag behind the versions on PyPI, so select and record the Buildbot version deliberately. If you use a virtual environment, note its absolute bin directory; systemd will not necessarily inherit the interactive shell’s activation state.
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Do not run a master or worker as root. Create a service account with no interactive login, and give it ownership of only the instance directories and files it needs. The exact account name is up to your deployment; the examples below use buildbot.
sudo useradd --system --create-home --home-dir /var/lib/buildbot
--shell /usr/sbin/nologin buildbot
sudo install -d -o buildbot -g buildbot /var/lib/buildbot
sudo install -d -o buildbot -g buildbot /var/lib/buildbot/masters
sudo install -d -o buildbot -g buildbot /var/lib/buildbot/workersIf the account already exists, skip useradd and create the directories with the correct owner and group. A service that can read its configuration but cannot create twistd.pid, twistd.log, or build workspaces will fail even though the executable itself is installed.
Create the Buildbot instance before writing the unit
Create a master
Change to the parent directory owned by the service account and run the master creation command as that account:
sudo -u buildbot -H sh -c 'cd /var/lib/buildbot/masters && buildbot create-master main'This creates a main instance directory. Replace main with a name that identifies the environment, such as ci or production. Keep the same name in the eventual [email protected] command and in the unit’s working-directory path.
Create a worker
A worker needs the master’s host name, its worker name, and the password configured for that worker on the master. The documented form is:
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sudo -u buildbot -H sh -c
'cd /var/lib/buildbot/workers &&
buildbot-worker create-worker worker1 buildmaster.example worker1 WORKER_PASSWORD'For Debian workers, the documented directory convention is /var/lib/buildbot/workers/$NAME. Create it first and assign it to the service account:
sudo install -d /var/lib/buildbot/workers/worker1
sudo chown -R buildbot: /var/lib/buildbot/workers/worker1Protect the worker password and any generated credentials. Do not put secrets in a world-readable unit file or commit them to a public repository. The worker name in the creation command must match the name configured on the master.
Use Buildbot’s shipped systemd templates
Buildbot ships template unit files for both roles:
master/contrib/systemd/[email protected]worker/contrib/systemd/[email protected]
Copy the applicable template to /etc/systemd/system, or adapt it there if your package installs the file elsewhere. A template has an @ in its filename and uses the instance token in paths and commands. That lets one unit definition serve several masters or workers:
sudo cp master/contrib/systemd/[email protected]
/etc/systemd/system/[email protected]
sudo cp worker/contrib/systemd/[email protected]
/etc/systemd/system/[email protected]The source-template locations above are part of the Buildbot distribution. Package layouts differ, so locate the installed files rather than assuming that a source checkout exists on the VPS. Before enabling a service, inspect the copied unit and verify its executable path, working directory, account, and start/stop behavior against your installed Buildbot version.
A minimal worker unit pattern
If you need to adapt the supplied template, this is a deliberately small pattern for a worker. It is an editorial example, not a verbatim vendor unit. Replace every path with the values used on your VPS.
[Unit]
Description=Buildbot worker instance %i
After=network-online.target
Wants=network-online.target
[Service]
Type=forking
User=buildbot
Group=buildbot
WorkingDirectory=/var/lib/buildbot/workers/%i
Environment="PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin"
ExecStart=/usr/bin/buildbot-worker start /var/lib/buildbot/workers/%i
ExecStop=/usr/bin/buildbot-worker stop /var/lib/buildbot/workers/%i
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.targetWhy each directive matters
After=network-online.targetandWants=network-online.targetdelay startup until systemd has brought up the network targets. They do not guarantee that the remote master is reachable forever; the worker still needs normal reconnect behavior.Type=forkingmatches a daemon command that backgrounds itself. Use the type expected by the installed Buildbot template; changing it without checking daemon behavior can make systemd report a false failure.User=andGroup=prevent root-owned logs and workspaces.WorkingDirectory=points at the instance created withbuildbot-worker create-worker.ExecStartandExecStopmust use the actual executable location. A virtual-environment installation may require a path such as/opt/buildbot-venv/bin/buildbot-workerinstead of/usr/bin/buildbot-worker.
For a master, use the shipped master template and its documented command rather than mechanically substituting worker commands. The master and worker daemons have different configuration files and runtime responsibilities.
Set a deterministic environment
Fix the PATH explicitly
Buildbot’s installation guidance specifically recommends setting a fixed PATH when systemd launches buildbot-worker. A login shell may find an executable in /usr/local/bin, a virtual environment, or a user-local directory while systemd cannot. Add an Environment= line to the template or a drop-in:
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Environment="PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin"The value above is only an example. Use the actual installation path on your VPS, and put the virtual environment’s bin directory first when that is where Buildbot and required tools are installed.
Check HOME and PYTHONPATH
PATH, PYTHONPATH, and HOME mismatches are common startup causes. The service account’s home directory should be valid, and Python modules must be visible to the interpreter used by ExecStart. If you intentionally need additional variables, define them explicitly:
Environment="HOME=/var/lib/buildbot"
Environment="PYTHONPATH=/opt/buildbot-venv/lib/python3.X/site-packages"Replace 3.X with the directory created by your Python installation; do not copy this literal value. Avoid setting PYTHONPATH unless you understand the resulting import path. In many virtual-environment deployments, invoking the venv’s Buildbot executable is safer than constructing a global path manually.
Install, reload, and enable an instance
Master commands
- Copy or adapt
[email protected]into/etc/systemd/system. - Check that the instance directory and its files belong to the service account.
- Tell systemd to reread unit files:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload. - Start the named instance now and enable it for future boots:
sudo systemctl enable --now [email protected].
Worker commands
- Install or adapt
[email protected]. - Verify
/var/lib/buildbot/workers/worker1, its ownership, and the executable path. - Reload units:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload. - Start and enable the worker:
sudo systemctl enable --now [email protected].
The enable --now combination creates the boot-time dependency and starts the service in the same operation. If you change a unit afterward, run daemon-reload again before restarting the instance.
Verify status and inspect startup artifacts
Check the exact instance name you enabled:
sudo systemctl status [email protected]
sudo systemctl status [email protected]Use journalctl for systemd’s view of the process:
sudo journalctl -u [email protected] -b
sudo journalctl -u [email protected] -b
sudo journalctl -u [email protected] -fBuildbot also documents twistd.pid and twistd.log as startup artifacts. Inspect the instance directory for those files and read the log as the service account or with suitable administrative permissions:
sudo -u buildbot tail -n 100 /var/lib/buildbot/workers/worker1/twistd.log
sudo -u buildbot test -f /var/lib/buildbot/workers/worker1/twistd.pidA successful systemd start should leave the daemon running, a current process identifier where the instance expects it, and a log that advances when the worker connects or processes events. A stale PID file after an unclean shutdown is a symptom to investigate, not a reason to delete files blindly; first confirm that no matching daemon is still running.
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Debian package services and drop-ins
Debian package users normally manage the same templated naming convention with [email protected] for masters and [email protected] for workers. The package may provide the unit and directory layout, so do not overwrite it merely to change the account. Use a systemd drop-in instead.
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Create the instance-specific drop-in directory and file:
sudo install -d /etc/systemd/system/[email protected]
sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/[email protected]/user.conf >/dev/null <<'EOF'
[Service]
User=buildbot
Group=buildbot
EOFWorker account override
Use the analogous path for a worker:
sudo install -d /etc/systemd/system/[email protected]
sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/[email protected]/user.conf >/dev/null <<'EOF'
[Service]
User=buildbot
Group=buildbot
EOFAfter adding either drop-in, reload and restart:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart [email protected]
sudo systemctl restart [email protected]Use only the restart command for the role you changed. Confirm the effective settings with:
systemctl cat [email protected]
systemctl show [email protected] -p User -p Group -p WorkingDirectoryDrop-ins preserve package updates while keeping local account decisions under /etc/systemd/system. If the package already defines a working directory or environment, inspect it before adding conflicting directives.
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Upstream templates versus hand-written units
Before replacing a vendor template, compare it line by line with your custom file. The important axes are:
| Area | What to verify | Typical failure when wrong |
|---|---|---|
| Executable | Absolute path to buildbot or buildbot-worker |
ExecStart fails with “No such file or directory” |
| Instance naming | @NAME matches the directory and service command |
Daemon starts against an empty or wrong configuration |
| Working directory | Path contains the same instance name used during creation | Missing config, PID, or log files |
| Account | User= and Group= can read and write the instance |
Permission-denied errors and root-owned artifacts |
| Environment | PATH, HOME, and Python paths match installation |
Modules or helper commands cannot be found |
| Process type | Type= matches whether the daemon forks |
Systemd marks a healthy daemon as failed, or waits forever |
| Stop and restart | ExecStop targets the same instance |
Old processes remain after restart |
| Dependencies | Network ordering is appropriate for workers | Worker starts before networking and exits |
| Logging | Journal and twistd.log locations are known |
Useful errors are missed during diagnosis |
The supplied Buildbot templates remain the authoritative starting point because they track the daemon behavior expected by that Buildbot release. A custom unit should change only what your deployment requires.
Troubleshoot a service that fails
“Unit could not be found”
Check that the template or package unit exists under a systemd unit directory and that the instance name is spelled correctly. Run systemctl list-unit-files | grep buildbot, then run sudo systemctl daemon-reload. Remember that a template file is named with @.service, while an instantiated command includes the name, such as [email protected].
“Executable not found”
Find the executable as the service account or by inspecting the virtual environment, then put its absolute path in ExecStart and ExecStop. An interactive test such as command -v buildbot-worker under your own shell does not prove that systemd can find it. Add a fixed PATH when helper programs are also outside standard directories.
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Inspect every parent directory, not just the instance directory:
namei -l /var/lib/buildbot/workers/worker1/twistd.log
sudo chown -R buildbot:buildbot /var/lib/buildbot/workers/worker1Ensure the account in the unit is the same account that owns the files. Avoid solving the problem by changing the service to root; correct ownership and directory modes instead.
Python module import errors
Confirm that ExecStart invokes the intended Python environment. A package installed with one interpreter is invisible to another. Use the executable inside the virtual environment, or define the required environment explicitly. Check journalctl -u UNIT -b and the instance’s twistd.log for the first import error rather than only the final systemd status line.
Worker starts, then disconnects
Verify DNS or the master hostname, network reachability, the worker name, and the password configured on the master. The network-online.target dependency controls ordering only; it does not repair a wrong hostname or credentials. Read the worker log while following it with journalctl -f or tail -f.
Systemd reports a timeout or wrong process state
Compare the unit’s Type= with the shipped template. Buildbot commands that fork into the background generally require a forking-aware unit. If you changed start commands, stop commands, or PID handling, restore the vendor template and make one controlled change at a time.
Service works manually but not at boot
This almost always indicates an environment, path, ordering, or ownership difference. Compare the interactive command with the unit’s User=, WorkingDirectory=, Environment=, and absolute executable paths. Test after a reboot, not only with a manual restart, because boot ordering can expose dependencies that a running system hides.
Operational checks after the first successful start
- Run
systemctl is-enabled [email protected]or the worker equivalent and confirm it returnsenabled. - Use
systemctl is-activeto distinguish a running process from an enabled-but-stopped unit. - Confirm that the service account owns new logs, PID files, and workspaces.
- Keep the instance name, directory path, and service name documented together; this prevents accidental commands against the wrong template instance.
- After upgrading Buildbot or moving a virtual environment, recheck
ExecStart,ExecStop,PATH, and Python import paths before rebooting. - Retain the shipped template version used as your baseline so you can compare local changes during upgrades.
Recommended final layout
A small VPS commonly ends up with a structure like this:
/etc/systemd/system/[email protected]
/etc/systemd/system/[email protected]
/etc/systemd/system/[email protected]/user.conf
/etc/systemd/system/[email protected]/user.conf
/var/lib/buildbot/masters/main/
/var/lib/buildbot/workers/worker1/The exact paths can differ, especially with Debian packages or a virtual environment. What must remain consistent is the relationship: the @ instance name selects one directory, the service account owns that directory, the unit invokes the executable installed for that environment, and systemd has an explicit environment instead of relying on a login shell.
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Summary decision guide
- Choose the master unit when this VPS coordinates builds and stores the master configuration.
- Choose the worker unit when this VPS only connects to a master and executes jobs.
- Prefer Buildbot’s shipped templates, then add a narrowly scoped override for account, path, or environment changes.
- Use
enable --nowonly after the instance has been created and its ownership and paths have been checked. - When startup fails, inspect systemd’s journal and the instance’s
twistd.logbefore changing multiple directives.
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