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A free scan shows the junk files, broken settings and background clutter dragging Windows down - then fixes them in one click.Free scan · Windows 10 & 11Build the cluster on at least three Linux VPS instances connected through a private network, allow TCP 29015 only between database nodes, and start one RethinkDB server before joining the others with --join. Create tables with explicit shard and replica counts, then use reconfigure and rebalance when changing an existing table. Keep the HTTP console and driver port private, set an administrator password, and use TLS or an SSH tunnel whenever traffic crosses an untrusted network.
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The commands below establish the topology; the correct number of shards, replicas, CPUs, memory and storage must be validated against your workload. RethinkDB’s official documentation does not provide a universal VPS size, throughput target or shard-count formula.
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What a sharded RethinkDB cluster does
RethinkDB distributes a table’s keyspace among shards. Each shard has one primary replica and can have additional replicas on other servers. A query is routed to the servers that own the relevant shard, while replication keeps copies available if a node fails. Sharding increases parallelism and lets storage grow across machines; replication improves availability and read capacity, but consumes additional storage, network bandwidth and write work.
RethinkDB applies these settings per table rather than as one global cluster switch. You choose shards and replicas when creating a table. For an existing table, reconfigure changes the layout and rebalance moves data to match it.
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Plan the VPS topology before installing RethinkDB
Use three or more database VPS instances for failure tolerance
Three database machines are a practical starting point when the goal is to lose one node while retaining a primary and enough replicas to serve the application. Two nodes can form a cluster, but a single failure leaves no redundancy for many replica arrangements and can make majority acknowledgements impossible. Add nodes only when the workload and failure-domain design justify the added storage, transfer and operational cost.
Choose a failure domain deliberately
Placing all nodes in one provider region gives low latency and simpler networking, but a regional outage can affect every copy. Spreading nodes across availability groups or regions improves geographic resilience at the cost of latency and inter-region transfer. Replica placement should follow the failure you are trying to survive, not a generic “multi-region” label.
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Use the provider’s private network, VPC or equivalent security-group mechanism. The database servers need to reach one another on the intracluster port, but that port should not be reachable from the public internet. The official cloud guidance recommends an inbound TCP 29015 rule whose source is the cluster’s security group.
| Port | Purpose | Recommended exposure |
|---|---|---|
| 29015/TCP | RethinkDB intracluster traffic and node joining | Only the private addresses of RethinkDB nodes |
| 28015/TCP | Driver connections from applications | Only trusted application hosts or application-local proxies |
| 8080/TCP | HTTP administration console | Private network, authenticated tunnel or protected reverse proxy |
Reserve names and private addresses
Give each server a stable name such as node-1, node-2 and node-3. Use private addresses for joining and for canonical addresses where your provider supports them. Replacing a VPS should preserve the intended server identity and configuration rather than silently creating an untagged or publicly bound node.
Install and start the first RethinkDB node
Install the RethinkDB package using the distribution-supported repository or package process for your Linux release. The exact package command differs by distribution; the cluster procedure begins after the rethinkdb executable is available.
Create a dedicated data directory
Use a persistent disk with enough free space for the data set, indexes, replicas, temporary rebalancing space and growth. Keep the directory owned by the account that runs RethinkDB, and include it in backups or rebuild documentation as appropriate for your recovery plan.
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sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/rethinkdb/node-1
sudo chown -R rethinkdb:rethinkdb /var/lib/rethinkdb/node-1Use broad binding only as a test
The minimal documented pattern is:
rethinkdb --bind allThis makes the default services available on all interfaces and is useful for confirming that a test installation works. It is not a suitable production security boundary. In production, bind each service explicitly to the intended private or local address with --bind-cluster, --bind-driver and --bind-http.
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Unless changed, the first node listens on TCP 29015 for cluster traffic, TCP 28015 for drivers and TCP 8080 for the administration UI. Confirm those listeners with your operating system’s socket tools and verify that the firewall permits only the sources you intended.
Give the node a stable identity
A stable server name makes the cluster easier to operate and makes replacement procedures less error-prone. Start the first node with its private bind address, data directory and name. The exact interface name depends on your VPS provider; do not substitute a public address merely because it is easier to copy.
Join the other VPS nodes
Start each additional database server with the first node’s private address and cluster port:
rethinkdb --join 10.0.0.10:29015 --bind allThe documented --join IP_OF_FIRST_MACHINE:29015 pattern creates a multi-machine cluster. Replace --bind all with explicit private bindings before exposing the deployment to an application. Repeat the join operation for every database VPS, using a reachable private address and the actual cluster port if you changed it.
Verify membership before creating tables
- Open the administration console from a private network, SSH tunnel or protected reverse proxy.
- Confirm that every intended server appears with the expected name and address.
- Check that all nodes can reach TCP 29015 in both directions.
- Confirm that the driver port is reachable from application hosts but not from arbitrary internet addresses.
- Check disk capacity, clock synchronization, process supervision and log collection on each VPS.
Do not create production tables until all nodes have joined and the firewall rules have been tested from both an allowed and a denied source.
Persist each node’s configuration
Command-line flags are easy to lose during a reboot or replacement. Create one configuration file per node and keep it in configuration management. RethinkDB configuration files use key=value lines. Useful keys include server-name, repeated server-tag, join, canonical-address, cluster-port, driver-port, http-port, directory and daemon.
server-name=node-1
server-tag=default
server-tag=region_a
join=10.0.0.10:29015
cluster-port=29015
driver-port=28015
http-port=8080
directory=/var/lib/rethinkdb/node-1
daemonTreat this as a shape to adapt, not a literal file for every machine. The first node normally bootstraps the cluster; joining nodes point to an existing member. Change the server name, tags, directory and join target for each VPS. If you use a service manager, have it reference the node’s configuration file and verify that a restart rejoins the intended cluster instead of creating a separate one.
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Create a sharded and replicated table
Choose initial counts from measurements
Create a table with explicit shard and replica counts:
r.db('app').tableCreate('events', {shards: 3, replicas: 3})The documented maximum is 64 shards per table. A three-shard, three-replica example is not a universal recommendation: it requires enough nodes and storage to place three copies of every shard, and its performance depends on key distribution, query patterns, write rate, disk speed and network latency.
Change an existing table safely
For an existing table, apply a new layout with reconfigure and then redistribute records with rebalance:
r.db('app').table('events').reconfigure({shards: 3, replicas: 3})
r.db('app').table('events').rebalance()Reconfiguration changes the table’s topology; rebalancing moves shard data to conform to it. Schedule large changes during a period with sufficient disk headroom and network capacity. Monitor write latency, query latency, free space, replication health and rebalance duration while the operation runs. Keep an application rollback plan because changing shard placement does not undo an application’s assumptions about capacity or failure behavior.
Understand the cost of replicas
Every replica is another stored copy and another destination for writes. Increasing replicas can keep data available when a machine fails, but it does not eliminate the need to monitor which replica is primary. Each shard has one authoritative primary replica. A cluster can therefore have enough total copies yet still need attention if primary placement is concentrated in one failure domain.
Use server tags to control replica placement
Server tags describe location or role, for example region_a, region_b, rack_1 or storage. Add tags when starting a node or update them through rethinkdb.server_config while the cluster is running.
Tag-aware reconfiguration can assign replica counts to groups and select a primary replica tag. This lets you express policies such as keeping one copy in each of two regions or preferring a particular group for primaries. The exact ReQL object should be tested in a staging cluster against the tags currently reported by rethinkdb.server_config; a misspelled tag or a group with too few eligible servers can prevent the requested layout from being satisfied.
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Save the intended table configuration in a script or deployment repository. Table settings are applied at creation or reconfigure time; they are not automatically retained as a policy for every future rebuild. When replacing a server, restore its tags before applying the table policy.
Secure the cluster on a VPS
Make the network the primary boundary
The official security guidance describes a protected network that does not allow outside access as the best way to secure a cluster. Bind the cluster service to an address reachable only over the private network. Inbound 29015 should be limited to the database nodes’ security group. Inbound 28015 should be limited to application hosts or proxies. Keep 8080 private unless you deliberately place it behind an authenticated tunnel or reverse proxy.
Protect administrative access
Set an administration password and avoid publishing the console directly to the internet. An SSH tunnel is appropriate for occasional operator access; a reverse proxy can provide centralized authentication and logging when a team needs regular access. Restrict the proxy’s upstream to the private HTTP listener.
Encrypt traffic that crosses an untrusted path
RethinkDB’s security documentation covers TLS for server-to-server traffic, client traffic and web-UI traffic. Enable the relevant TLS coverage when nodes, applications or administrators communicate across a network you do not fully control. TLS does not replace firewall rules: an encrypted service that is reachable by every internet address is still an exposed service.
Never treat default exposure as production hardening
- Do not leave
--bind allin a production launch command without matching firewall restrictions and a deliberate reason. - Do not expose 29015 to the public internet so that a new node can join conveniently.
- Do not expose 28015 to every application or monitoring host when only a small set needs database access.
- Do not assume the HTTP console is safe merely because it uses a nonstandard port.
- Keep credentials, TLS keys and configuration files readable only by the service and authorized operators.
Decide whether to add proxy nodes
A RethinkDB proxy node stores no data. It joins the cluster, routes application queries to the machines that hold the relevant shards and can perform some query processing on the application host. The official documentation identifies three potential benefits: less intercluster traffic, deduplicated changefeed messages and lower database-server CPU.
rethinkdb proxy --join 10.0.0.10:29015A proxy is useful when applications are distributed across hosts or when many clients would otherwise connect directly to every database server. It is not a replacement for data replicas: a proxy has no copy of the table and cannot serve data if every storage node holding that data is unavailable. Place proxies near their applications, secure their cluster connection like any other node and monitor their CPU and network use.
| Design choice | When it fits | Main trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| Direct driver connections | Small, controlled application fleet with simple private networking | More client connections and routing responsibility on application code |
| Application-local proxy | Many clients, changefeeds or applications spread across hosts | Extra processes to operate; proxies store no data |
| Uniform replica counts | Nodes have similar capacity and share one failure domain | Less control over geographic or rack placement |
| Tag-aware replicas | You need copies separated by region, rack or role | Requires accurate tags and enough eligible nodes in each group |
| One region | Low latency and simpler operations are the priority | A regional outage can affect every replica |
| Multiple regions or availability groups | You need protection from a location failure | Higher latency, transfer cost and more complex failure testing |
Set acknowledgement and durability deliberately
RethinkDB’s default write acknowledgement mode is majority. It waits for a majority according to the table’s replica arrangement and provides stronger failure tolerance than acknowledging a single copy. The single mode can acknowledge faster but has weaker protection if that copy fails before replication completes.
Hard durability commits data to disk before acknowledgement. Soft durability acknowledges sooner and provides less resilience against a process or machine failure. Choose the mode per workload and document why it is acceptable. A low-latency setting is not automatically safe for events, payments, configuration or other data that cannot be regenerated.
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There is no official workload-independent formula for VPS CPU, memory, disk, network capacity or shard count. Treat every numeric sizing claim as a test result tied to a particular provider, date and workload rather than a RethinkDB guarantee.
Measure the workload that matters
- Peak and sustained writes per second, including burst behavior.
- Read latency at the application’s percentile target, not just average latency.
- Document size, index size, growth rate and expected retention period.
- Changefeed count and fan-out, if the application uses changefeeds.
- Network traffic between replicas and between clients and storage nodes.
- Recovery time after a node loss and the duration of a full rebalance.
Use a staging cluster that resembles production
Start with the planned node count, tags, storage type, private-network latency and security rules. Load representative keys and query patterns. Test a node shutdown, a network partition, a full disk warning, a replacement VPS and a reconfigure/rebalance operation. Record whether writes remain available under the selected acknowledgement and durability modes, how primary replicas move, and how long recovery takes.
Avoid over-sharding
More shards can increase parallelism, but each shard also adds metadata, replica work and operational movement during a rebalance. A table with many small shards is not automatically faster than one with fewer well-sized shards. Increase the count only when measurements show that the current layout limits throughput, storage growth or operational flexibility.
Operate and recover the cluster
Monitor the signals that reveal an unhealthy layout
- Node membership and reachability on the private network.
- Primary and replica placement by server tag and failure domain.
- Replication lag, failed writes and rejected connections.
- Disk utilization, I/O wait, memory pressure and CPU saturation.
- Query latency, changefeed backlog and network throughput.
- Rebalance progress and available free space on every node.
Replace a failed VPS carefully
- Confirm whether the table still has the required primary and replica availability before making topology changes.
- Provision a replacement VPS on the same protected network and apply the intended firewall rules.
- Install the same supported RethinkDB release and restore the node’s configuration shape, including name, tags, ports and directory.
- Join the replacement through a private 29015 address.
- Verify membership and tags, then apply the saved table configuration if the cluster needs rebalancing.
- Watch replication, disk growth and query behavior until the replacement is fully caught up.
Do not delete the only remaining copy of a table while attempting to “clean up” a failed node. Preserve logs and configuration from the failed machine when diagnosing whether the incident was caused by storage, networking, process failure or an incorrect join target.
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Deployment checklist
- At least three database VPS instances are provisioned when one-node failure tolerance is required.
- Nodes use private addresses and stable names.
- TCP 29015 is allowed only between RethinkDB nodes.
- TCP 28015 is allowed only from trusted applications or proxies.
- TCP 8080 is private or protected by an authenticated tunnel or reverse proxy.
- Each node has a persistent directory, service supervision and log collection.
- Server tags match the planned location or role policy.
- Tables have measured shard and replica counts, with a saved ReQL configuration.
- Write acknowledgement and durability modes are documented per workload.
- TLS, administrator credentials and restricted bindings are configured where trust boundaries require them.
- Staging tests cover node loss, network failure, reconfiguration and rebalance.
- Backups and a replacement-VPS procedure have been rehearsed.
Final design guidance
A sound VPS deployment is less about copying a three-shard example than about making every boundary explicit: private addresses for cluster traffic, narrow firewall rules, stable node identity, deliberate replica placement and measured table topology. Start with the smallest cluster that meets the required failure tolerance, test the real workload, and change shard or replica counts only with an observed reason. Proxies, tags, TLS and durability settings are tools for specific operational constraints, not defaults that remove the need for monitoring and recovery practice.
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