Selenium saves what the browser has rendered: use driver.save_screenshot() for the current viewport, or an element’s screenshot() method for a specific visible region. For Hindi and other Indian-language text, there is no separate Selenium encoding switch; missing or broken glyphs usually call for checking the page’s text, fonts, and browser environment before changing the screenshot method.
Choose the screenshot scope you need
| Capture | What it contains | Python method |
|---|---|---|
| Current viewport | The browser’s visible area, not necessarily the full document. | driver.save_screenshot("page.png") |
| One element | The element’s visible region after WebDriver scrolls it into view. | element.screenshot("element.png") |
| Full document | The entire long page. This requires a browser/version-supported full-page feature or a deliberate scroll-and-stitch workflow. | No general full-document method is established by the standard screenshot operation. |
The WebDriver specification describes the ordinary screenshot as an image of the visual viewport and defines element screenshots around the element’s visible region. See the W3C WebDriver specification and Selenium’s screenshot documentation.
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Capture the viewport or an element with Python
This example writes a viewport PNG and, if the page has a main element, a separate image of that element. Replace the URL and selector with those for the page you are capturing.
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from pathlib import Path
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
out = Path("screenshots")
out.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
try:
driver.get("https://example.com/page")
# Replace with a meaningful, site-specific readiness condition.
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "body")
# Save the current viewport as PNG.
driver.save_screenshot(str(out / "viewport.png"))
# Save one element's visible region as PNG.
target = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "main")
target.screenshot(str(out / "main.png"))
finally:
driver.quit()Selenium’s Python Chromium API also provides get_screenshot_as_png() for PNG bytes and get_screenshot_as_base64() for Base64-encoded output. Consult the Selenium Chromium WebDriver API documentation for the documented methods.
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Make the wait specific to the page
Finding the body proves only that the element exists; it does not prove that client-rendered text, images, or web fonts are ready. For a production capture, wait for a page-specific marker or condition that indicates the content you need is present. If web fonts matter, you can wait in the browser for the font-loading set to settle:
driver.execute_async_script("""
const done = arguments[0];
document.fonts.ready.then(() => done());
""")This waits for the document’s font-loading set; it does not guarantee that the intended font covers every character or that the page’s dynamic content has finished rendering.
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Why Indian-language characters look wrong
Selenium captures the browser’s rendered page; it does not independently encode Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Odia, Urdu, or another language into the image. If characters appear as boxes, disappear, or have broken marks, investigate rendering rather than assuming the PNG format is at fault.
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- Check the rendered font: Inspect the element’s computed CSS font family and confirm that any required web-font request completed successfully.
- Check the runtime’s fonts: In Linux, a container, or headless mode, verify that installed fonts cover the script and are visible to the browser process. Add suitable fonts to the runtime image when necessary; there is no universal font package established here.
- Wait, then inspect: Wait for the relevant dynamic content and fonts, save the PNG, and inspect the actual output from the same operating system, container, and browser version used for automation. Correct text in the DOM does not prove that the glyphs rendered correctly.
The screenshot operation specifies capture behavior, not guaranteed font coverage or language shaping. See the WebDriver specification and Selenium’s Python Chromium API documentation.
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Full-page screenshots need a separate strategy
A normal WebDriver screenshot is not a general full-document image. Chrome’s headless documentation says its basic --screenshot flow is not the full-page workflow. Use a full-page facility supported by the browser and version in your environment, or capture overlapping scroll positions and stitch them together. The latter can be affected by sticky headers, lazy-loaded content, animation, and changing page height, so inspect the finished image for seams, missing sections, and duplicated content.
For scroll-and-stitch capture, use a controlled viewport and consistent overlap; scroll through the page, save each viewport, and assemble the images with a separate image-processing step. Trigger lazy-loaded content before capturing each section, and account for fixed or sticky elements that may repeat. The exact implementation depends on the browser, version, and page, so validate the result rather than assuming a viewport screenshot covers the document. Chrome’s guidance is at Headless Chrome shell.
Set a repeatable browser size and headless mode
Choose a fixed viewport that matches the output you need: desktop for a desktop layout, a mobile-like size for responsive behavior, or a larger page-specific viewport when text legibility matters. Chrome’s headless guidance demonstrates setting window dimensions. In Selenium, pass browser arguments through the options API for your language binding; ChromeDriver’s Capabilities and ChromeOptions documentation explains session configuration. Record viewport dimensions and browser/runtime versions when repeatability matters, and keep browser and driver versions aligned with the execution environment.
Validate the saved image
- Start the browser and driver in the intended environment, setting headless mode and viewport dimensions if required.
- Navigate to the page and wait for a meaningful, page-specific readiness condition.
- If the page uses web fonts, wait for the relevant content and font loading to settle.
- Save a viewport or element PNG. For a full document, use a supported full-page feature or a controlled scroll-and-stitch approach.
- Open the resulting image and check glyphs, line breaks, clipping, dimensions, lazy-loaded content, and repeated or obstructing sticky elements.
Use PDF when the deliverable should be a document
If you need a PDF rather than an image, Selenium’s Python Chromium API documents print_page() for printing the current page to PDF. This is a different output workflow from saving a PNG screenshot; see the API reference.
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Troubleshoot common capture problems
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to check or change |
|---|---|---|
| Indian-language characters are boxes or missing | The selected font lacks script coverage, the font did not load, or the browser runtime cannot access installed fonts. | Check DOM text, computed font family, web-font loading, and fonts available to the browser in the actual runtime. Inspect a newly saved image. |
| Characters or marks look broken | The page may have a text/encoding issue, incomplete rendering, or a font/shaping problem. | Check the document’s text and encoding, wait for dynamic content and fonts, then compare the rendered browser page with the saved PNG. |
| Content is missing from the bottom of the image | The capture is only the current viewport. | Use an explicit full-page feature supported by your browser/version or a controlled scroll-and-stitch process. |
| Element screenshot is clipped | Element capture is bounded by its visible-region semantics, or the element’s own layout clips its contents. | Inspect the element’s dimensions and overflow; scroll or change the capture strategy if you need content outside its visible region. |
| Page is captured before text or images appear | Navigation completion did not mean the page’s asynchronous work was finished. | Wait on the specific content or completion marker and, for web fonts, wait for font readiness before saving. |
| Full-page stitched image has bands or repeated headers | Sticky elements, animation, lazy loading, or page-height changes altered successive viewports. | Stabilize the page, load content before capturing, use overlap, and inspect the assembled image for seams and repeated content. |
Or skip the browser setup
ScreenshotNeo is a website screenshot API and MCP server. A GET request returns a PNG, JPEG, WebP, or PDF. Its clean-shot steps can accept cookie or consent banners and remove more than 60 known consent platforms, newsletter popups, and chat widgets; each step can be turned off. Bot checks and CAPTCHAs, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads, and cache hits are not billed, and response headers report the page verdict and billing status. Its MCP server provides take_screenshot, get_page_info, and capture_pdf for AI agents using Claude, Cursor, or another MCP client. The free plan includes 1,000 shots per month with no card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000 shots.
For example, this cURL request saves a WebP screenshot of the target URL; replace the example address and supply your API key:
curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://example.com/page -o shot.webpSee the ScreenshotNeo API documentation for request options. It can be an alternative when you want a screenshot endpoint rather than maintaining browser setup yourself; it does not replace Selenium when your workflow depends on browser automation or Selenium-specific control. Create a free ScreenshotNeo account for 1,000 screenshots a month with no card.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does Selenium have a special setting for Hindi or other Indian languages?
No separate screenshot-language setting is established. The image reflects what the browser rendered, so check the document text, fonts, and runtime.
Can Selenium save a screenshot as Base64 instead of a file?
Yes. Selenium’s Python Chromium WebDriver API documents get_screenshot_as_base64(), alongside its PNG-bytes method.
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