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Install Selenium and prepare the URL list
Use Python 3.10 or later, a supported browser installed on the machine, and a writable output folder. The Selenium Project documents Python bindings for Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari, WebKitGTK, and WPEWebKit; actual availability depends on your operating system and setup. Create and activate a virtual environment if you want to keep this project’s packages separate, then install or update Selenium:
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py -m venv .venv
.venvScriptsactivate
python -m pip install -U seleniumThese are Windows Command Prompt commands. In PowerShell, activate with ..venvScriptsActivate.ps1; if script execution is restricted, follow your organization’s policy rather than changing system policy blindly. See the Selenium Python documentation and the Selenium Project’s first script for setup guidance.
Capture each URL in one browser session
Save this as capture_urls.py. The numeric prefix prevents overwrites even when URLs share a hostname. The script creates the output folder, checks the screenshot method’s return value, reports a failure for an individual URL, and always closes the browser.
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from pathlib import Path
from urllib.parse import urlparse
import re
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException, WebDriverException
urls = [
"https://example.com/",
"https://www.selenium.dev/",
]
output_dir = Path("screenshots")
output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
def safe_name(url: str) -> str:
host = urlparse(url).netloc or "page"
return re.sub(r"[^A-Za-z0-9._-]+", "_", host)[:100]
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
try:
for index, url in enumerate(urls, start=1):
try:
driver.get(url)
# Basic document readiness check; replace or supplement with a
# page-specific condition when asynchronous content matters.
WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
lambda d: d.execute_script(
"return document.readyState"
) == "complete"
)
path = output_dir / f"{index:03d}_{safe_name(url)}.png"
if not driver.save_screenshot(str(path)):
raise OSError(f"Could not save screenshot to {path}")
print(f"Saved {url} to {path}")
except (TimeoutException, WebDriverException, OSError) as exc:
print(f"Failed for {url}: {exc}")
finally:
driver.quit()Run it from the folder containing the file with python capture_urls.py. The paths are relative to the current working directory, not necessarily the script’s location. To make the output folder relative to the script instead, set output_dir = Path(__file__).resolve().parent / "screenshots".
Choose a wait that matches the page
driver.get(url) normally waits for the document’s configured ready state, which defaults to complete. That does not guarantee that JavaScript-driven content, API-loaded results, animations, or lazy-loaded images have finished. The Selenium Project explains this distinction in its Waiting Strategies guide.
Wait for a known element
For a page where a particular element signals that the important content is ready, wait for it explicitly:
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from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
WebDriverWait(driver, 15).until(
EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, "main article"))
)Replace the selector with one that exists on the target page and appears only when the content you need is ready. A single selector may not fit a mixed list of unrelated sites, so keep per-site conditions in a mapping or function when necessary.
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Adjust navigation and wait timeouts deliberately
Set a page-load timeout to prevent a slow navigation from waiting indefinitely, and use an explicit wait for the content condition afterward:
driver.set_page_load_timeout(30)
driver.get(url)
WebDriverWait(driver, 15).until(
lambda d: d.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "main").is_displayed()
)The timeout values here are examples, not universal guarantees; choose them for the sites and network you are capturing. Selenium’s Python WebDriver API documents the page-load timeout. Avoid combining implicit waits with explicit waits: Selenium warns that doing so can produce unpredictable timing. A fixed time.sleep() is simple, but may wait too long on fast pages and still be too short on slow ones.
Know what the screenshot contains
save_screenshot() captures the current browser window as a PNG; it is not, by itself, a full-page capture method. The Selenium Python screenshot API also documents get_screenshot_as_file(filename), which saves the current window and returns False on an I/O error. Use a valid writable path with a .png extension and check the return value. See the Python Chromium WebDriver screenshot API.
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Handle larger URL lists safely
Keep names unique and inspect results
A hostname alone is not a unique filename: different pages may share a host, and repeating the same URL can otherwise overwrite an earlier capture. The example’s index guarantees a distinct filename for each position in the list. If you need stable filenames across runs, build a sanitized name from the full URL and add a short hash; retain an index if duplicate URLs should still produce separate files.
The sample continues after common navigation, wait, or file-write errors and prints each failure. For an auditable batch, write successes and failures to a CSV or log file, and validate URLs before starting. A failed URL can leave the browser on an error page or prior page; never treat a saved file as successful without checking the corresponding log and, when needed, the page verdict.
Reuse a session unless isolation is required
One browser session reused across the loop is simpler and avoids repeatedly starting browsers. It also means cookies, local storage, cache, and other browser state can carry over between URLs. Start a fresh driver per URL only when each capture needs an isolated browser state or one site’s state must not affect another; that approach has additional startup and resource overhead. There is no universal speed advantage established here, so choose based on isolation and operational needs.
Limit batch size and browser resources
For long batches, capture in manageable groups, monitor disk space, and consider restarting the driver between groups if browser memory use grows. Do not launch many browser instances at once unless the machine and target sites can support the extra CPU, memory, and network load. Selenium documentation does not establish a universal safe concurrency level.
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Troubleshoot common failures
- Browser or driver fails to start: Confirm the browser is installed and Selenium is current. Selenium Manager normally resolves a driver for supported setups when WebDriver starts; automatic resolution can still be blocked by network restrictions, permissions, or local configuration. In a restricted environment, consult Selenium’s official driver-location instructions and configure an explicit service path rather than assuming driver management can reach the network.
- A screenshot is missing: Check the current working directory, confirm the destination exists and is writable, preserve the
.pngextension, and inspect the boolean returned bysave_screenshot(). - Files overwrite each other: Include a sequence number or another unique key in each filename; hostnames and final URL path segments are not sufficient for arbitrary lists.
- The page is blank or content is incomplete: Wait for a page-specific element or state instead of relying only on document readiness. Check whether the content is behind a login, blocked by a bot check, or loaded only after scrolling or interaction.
- A wait times out: Verify the selector against the page’s actual DOM, allow an appropriate timeout, and distinguish a slow page from a condition that never becomes true. Catch timeouts per URL if the batch should continue.
- The browser remains open after an error: Keep
driver.quit()in afinallyblock so cleanup runs when capture or saving fails. - The capture cuts off a long page: Standard current-window capture is not full-page capture. Select and test a separate method for the chosen browser rather than relying on the ordinary screenshot call.
Or skip the browser setup
ScreenshotNeo can capture a URL through one GET request and return an image or PDF; the example below saves a WebP response. Its clean-shot options accept consent banners and remove more than 60 known consent platforms, newsletter popups, and chat widgets before capture, and those steps can be turned off. Bot checks or CAPTCHAs, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads, and cache hits cost nothing; response headers identify the page verdict and billing status. Its MCP server provides screenshot, page-info, and PDF tools for Claude, Cursor, and other MCP clients. The free plan includes 1,000 shots per month with no card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000 shots. See the ScreenshotNeo API documentation for request options and response details.
curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://example.com/ -o shot.webpGet an API key with 1,000 free screenshots a month, no card required.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does this script capture a full webpage?
No. Selenium’s ordinary screenshot call captures the current browser window; full-page capture requires a separate browser-specific method.
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The Selenium methods shown here save PNG files. Converting or capturing another format requires a separate step or a different capture approach.
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