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A reliable geospatial game keeps two positions for the same object: an authoritative, CRS-aware real-world position stored at high precision, and a small local Cartesian transform used for rendering, physics, animation, and gameplay. The conversion between them must explicitly define the coordinate reference system (CRS), units, axis order, handedness, vertical datum, and rules for shifting the local origin.
This separation lets a city-scale scene use a practical projected map while still supporting streaming, multiplayer, and very large worlds. It also prevents the jitter, inaccurate contacts, and unstable physics that occur when large absolute coordinates are pushed directly through 32-bit engine transforms.
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The two-coordinate model every geospatial game needs
Geospatial data describes a position on Earth, while an engine transform describes a position near a scene origin. They are related, but they are not interchangeable.
Authoritative geospatial state
Store each important position with its CRS identifier and double-precision coordinates. Depending on the project, that might be latitude, longitude, and ellipsoidal height in WGS84 (EPSG:4326), easting and northing in a regional projected CRS, or an Earth-centered, Earth-fixed Cartesian position. Include the height reference rather than treating every vertical value as interchangeable.
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This state is the source of truth for persistence, world streaming, save games, server simulation, telemetry, and converting an object after an origin shift. A position without its CRS is incomplete: the numbers 500000 and 4649776 have no meaning until the coordinate system and units are known.
Local engine state
Rendering and physics usually work best with small Cartesian values near the current player or camera. A conversion layer maps the authoritative position into a local frame whose origin is chosen for the current loaded area. Nearby objects can then use ordinary engine floats without carrying continental-scale magnitudes through every calculation.
Keep the conversion layer separate from gameplay code. A vehicle controller should ask for a local transform; a save system should record the absolute geospatial position. Mixing those responsibilities makes an origin shift look like a teleport, corrupts network interpolation, and makes it difficult to change projections later.
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Choose the coordinate reference system before placing assets
Use a valid CRS definition and write down the convention in project documentation. Unreal’s georeferencing documentation supports geographic, projected, and geocentric definitions and notes that geospatial conventions are commonly right-handed while Unreal is left-handed. A conversion may therefore require swapping or negating axes. The documentation also recommends valid EPSG CRS definitions rather than ad-hoc labels.
Geographic coordinates
Geographic CRS values are angles: latitude and longitude, normally in degrees. WGS84 (EPSG:4326) is useful as a global interchange and authoring reference, but degrees are not meters. One degree of longitude changes length with latitude, and one degree of latitude is not a suitable engine unit. Never assign latitude to X and longitude to Y and expect distances, physics, or map scale to work.
Projected coordinates
A projected CRS converts the curved Earth to planar coordinates, usually easting and northing in meters. For a bounded city, campus, or region, a suitable local or UTM-style zone gives predictable linear measurements and simple tile indexing. Distortion grows as the playable area expands, especially when a scene crosses projection zones or spans high latitudes.
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Geocentric coordinates
An Earth-centered, Earth-fixed (ECEF) frame expresses positions as Cartesian X, Y, and Z from the planet’s center. It avoids a single map projection across a whole globe, but values are large and must still be converted to a nearby local tangent frame before ordinary float-based rendering and physics.
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An east-north-up (ENU) or north-east-down frame centered on a chosen origin approximates the surface as a plane near that origin. It is effective for planet-scale games: retain the geocentric or geographic position globally, then derive a tangent frame for the current tile or camera. As the player travels, create a new frame and shift content into it.
Projection choice by playable extent
| Playable extent | Recommended reference | Why it works | Main limitation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single site or city | Local projected CRS in linear units | Simple meter-based distances and stable local geometry | Distortion and coordinate size increase outside the designed region |
| Large region within one mapping zone | Appropriate regional or UTM-style projected CRS | Convenient planar calculations and established GIS data support | Zone boundaries and regional distortion can become production problems |
| Several zones or a continent | Multiple projected zones, tiled local frames, or a globe-referenced model | Keeps each loaded area well-conditioned | Cross-zone transforms, streaming, and seam handling add complexity |
| Planetary or global world | Geocentric position plus a moving local tangent frame | Works continuously around the globe without forcing one flat projection | Requires origin management, orientation updates, and globe-aware streaming |
Choose based on gameplay, not on the data set’s default format. A racing game needs reliable local distances and headings; a flight simulator may need globe-scale curvature; a strategy game may prioritize consistent area and tile indexing. Evaluate distortion, bearings, vertical behavior, and the cost of changing local frames together.
Document units, axes, handedness, and height
Create a one-page coordinate contract and treat it as an interface between GIS tools, engine code, art tools, and network services.
- CRS: record the EPSG code or complete definition for every imported and exported data set.
- Axis order: state whether values are longitude-latitude or latitude-longitude, and whether projected values are easting-northing.
- Handedness: state which direction is engine X, Y, and Z and whether an axis is negated during conversion.
- Units: distinguish degrees, meters, centimeters, and engine units. Unreal commonly uses centimeters for world distances, while the source CRS may use meters.
- Vertical reference: identify ellipsoidal height, an orthometric height tied to a gravity-related datum, or another elevation product. A terrain mesh and a GPS receiver can use different vertical references even at the same horizontal location.
- Origin policy: define the absolute anchor, shift threshold, rounding behavior, and the event sent when the origin changes.
In Unreal, the georeferencing documentation notes that calculations use double precision while Blueprint-facing floating values may remain single precision. It also advises integer world-origin values to reduce rounding. Keep high-precision calculations in suitable types and convert only at the boundary where the engine needs local transforms.
A safe GPS or GIS to engine conversion workflow
- Identify the source CRS. Read the metadata, not just the file name. Confirm the EPSG identifier, axis order, linear or angular units, and vertical datum.
- Transform into the runtime reference. For a regional game, transform source data into the selected projected CRS. For a globe, convert to a geocentric representation or retain the geographic position until a local tangent frame is built.
- Choose an absolute anchor. Select a surveyed point or tile origin near the initial playable area. Store it in double precision and keep its CRS explicit.
- Build the local basis. Compute east, north, and up (or the chosen basis) at the anchor. Subtract the anchor from the transformed position, then apply the basis rotation and handedness conversion.
- Apply engine units. Convert meters to the engine’s unit convention exactly once. Do not let individual asset importers apply different scale factors.
- Set orientation separately. A heading is a direction on the local surface, not simply an engine yaw. Convert north/east bearings through the same basis used for positions, then apply the engine’s handedness and up-axis rules.
- Validate a known point. Place a test marker at a survey point, measure its local coordinates, convert it back to the source CRS, and compare the result within a stated tolerance.
- Test scene edges and shifts. Repeat the round trip at the farthest playable points and after several origin changes. Include elevation, rotation, and streamed tiles rather than checking only the initial spawn.
Keep this conversion in one tested service or module. Duplicated formulas in import scripts, gameplay code, and networking are a common source of axis swaps and meter-centimeter errors.
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Why 32-bit floating point loses stability
A 32-bit float has a finite mantissa. The spacing between representable values grows as the absolute value grows, so a one-centimeter movement that is representable near zero may be rounded away when the same movement is added to a very large coordinate. The visible symptoms include camera shimmer, vibrating meshes, inaccurate contacts, gaps between colliders, unstable constraints, and navigation or particle artifacts.
There is no universal distance at which failure begins. The threshold depends on world units, camera scale, physics tolerances, object size, and the smallest motion the project must preserve. A published kilometre number would therefore be misleading without the project’s own measurements.
Epic describes Large World Coordinates (LWC) as adding double-precision data variants in Unreal Engine 5 and presents it as a response to 32-bit world-size restrictions. ArcGIS likewise warns that distant Unity content becomes less accurate with 32-bit floating point and provides high-precision and rebasing components. Doubles improve the range of representable positions, but they do not remove the need for sensible local frames: rendering, GPU buffers, third-party middleware, and many physics paths may still consume floats.
Floating origin and world-origin rebasing
What rebasing does
Origin rebasing keeps the active camera or player close to a local origin. When a threshold is reached, the engine subtracts an offset from loaded objects and updates the mapping between local coordinates and the stable absolute reference. The player has not moved in the geospatial model; only the numerical frame used to represent nearby content has changed.
Unreal documents automatic world-origin offset shifting through World Composition as well as manual rebasing. A rebasing system must move every relevant representation, not just visible meshes.
What must shift together
- Actors, child components, camera rigs, and physics bodies
- Navigation data, collision proxies, and constraints
- Particles, audio emitters, decals, foliage, and animation attachments
- Streaming tile origins and procedural-generation seeds
- UI world markers and any cached world-to-screen coordinates
- Networked entities and interpolation buffers
Broadcast a deterministic origin-shift event before or during the update so systems do not observe a mixture of old and new frames. After the shift, invalidate cached matrices, broad-phase physics data, and any spatial index that stores local coordinates.
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Choosing a shift policy
Use a threshold based on measured precision and the largest subsystem tolerance, not on an arbitrary round number. Some projects shift when the camera approaches a boundary; others use fixed grid cells so clients and servers can reproduce the same offset. Store the cumulative shift or the absolute anchor in a high-precision form so repeated rebasing does not accumulate float error.
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Unreal uses a left-handed Cartesian system with Z up and distinguishes world space from object-local space. Its Georeferencing tools support geographic, projected, and geocentric CRS approaches, perform the required convention conversion, and support world-origin offset shifting.
Large World Coordinates provide double-precision variants across major engine systems. Epic cautions that migrating to LWC can expose precision-loss edge cases, so audit plugins, Blueprint interfaces, serialization formats, and code that silently narrows doubles to floats. Keep Blueprint-facing values local where possible, and use integer origin values when setting or exchanging world offsets.
A practical Unreal setup is to retain a double-precision geospatial component on each persistent entity, generate a local transform from the active georeference, and let the engine’s origin-shift mechanism move loaded actors. Save files should contain the CRS and absolute position rather than only the current actor transform.
Unity with a high-precision geospatial SDK
For Unity projects using the ArcGIS Maps SDK, the game-engine origin is tied to a real-world coordinate. The SDK converts double-precision geographic data into local single-precision engine coordinates relative to that origin. Its Location Component supports horizontal geographic or projected spatial references and an optional vertical spatial reference.
When the camera travels far from the local origin, the SDK documentation recommends pairing the ArcGIS Rebase component with ArcGIS Camera. Treat rebasing as a whole-scene operation: custom scripts, physics objects, navigation, particles, and network proxies must consume the updated local frame rather than retaining stale coordinates.
If your Unity project does not use a geospatial SDK, implement the same separation yourself: doubles for absolute state, a documented CRS transform, a local origin, and a single origin-shift service. Do not rely on Unity’s ordinary float Transform values as the permanent geographic database.
Planet-scale worlds, tiles, and streaming
Planetary scenes are best represented hierarchically. Keep a globe-referenced position, a stable tile or chunk identity, and a small coordinate inside that tile. The tile identity can be an integer grid index or another hierarchical key; it remains stable while the local origin changes.
Generate terrain, vegetation, and points of interest in tile-local coordinates. When a tile loads, derive its local frame from the current anchor rather than baking a single global float position into the asset. At projection-zone boundaries, transform both neighboring tiles through the same geospatial service and add seam tests for elevation, normals, roads, and navigation.
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Multiplayer and authoritative simulation
Do not assume that every client has the same local origin. Keep the server’s authoritative state in an absolute or high-precision frame, then replicate an entity’s local transform together with the origin identifier or shift event that produced it. A client can reconstruct the transform relative to its own current frame.
Origin events need ordering and acknowledgement rules. An entity update received before the corresponding shift must be buffered or transformed; an update from an obsolete frame must not be applied as if it were current. Physics, animation, navigation, decals, and particles should either consume rebased transforms or derive their positions from the shared absolute state.
Official engine documentation establishes the precision and rebasing mechanisms, but it does not prescribe a complete multiplayer protocol. Validate the design under packet delay, client prediction, server correction, tile streaming, and a shift occurring during a physics tick.
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Testing and troubleshooting
Round-trip accuracy test
Choose control points across the playable area. Convert each from the source CRS to engine space and back. Record horizontal and vertical error, heading error, and the error after repeated origin shifts. Fail the test when the error exceeds the tolerance required by gameplay.
Quick Recap
Jitter appears near the edge of the map
- Measure the largest local coordinate instead of guessing a failure distance.
- Check for an accidental conversion from meters to centimeters twice, or not at all.
- Confirm that camera, physics, and animation use the same local frame.
- Lower the rebase threshold or move to a tiled local frame.
- Inspect plugins and GPU data paths that narrow doubles to floats.
Objects jump after rebasing
- Verify that the shift event reaches every cached transform and spatial index.
- Ensure network packets identify the frame in which their coordinates were produced.
- Rebuild physics broad-phase data and invalidate world-to-screen caches.
- Check that streamed tiles apply the new origin exactly once.
Terrain aligns horizontally but not vertically
- Compare the terrain’s vertical datum with the object’s height reference.
- Confirm whether the source height is ellipsoidal or gravity-related.
- Check axis order and sign for the up component.
- Apply the vertical transformation in the same CRS pipeline as the horizontal transformation.
Production checklist
- Every data set has a CRS identifier, axis order, units, and vertical reference.
- Absolute positions use doubles or a hierarchical representation.
- Local transforms are generated by one conversion service.
- The selected projection matches the playable extent and gameplay measurements.
- Handedness, up axis, and meter-to-engine-unit scale are tested with known points.
- Origin shifts have a deterministic event and update rendering, physics, streaming, audio, UI, and networking.
- Save games and server state retain absolute positions, not only local transforms.
- Round-trip tests cover scene edges, elevation, orientation, and repeated rebases.
- Third-party systems are audited for hidden float-only interfaces.
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