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One free scan finds every outdated or missing driver and matches the right update for your exact hardware.Free scan · exact hardware matchData centres can manage cooling-water use by measuring it consistently, reducing avoidable cooling demand, and choosing cooling and water-supply systems to fit local water, climate and energy conditions. No cooling design is best everywhere: a system that uses less water may use more electricity, while a recirculating liquid-cooling loop does not necessarily eliminate water use elsewhere at the facility.
Start with a consistent measure of water use
Establish a baseline before comparing equipment, operating changes or sites. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Federal Energy Management Program (DOE FEMP) defines water usage effectiveness (WUE) as annual site water usage in litres divided by annual IT-equipment energy use in kilowatt-hours:
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WUE = annual site water usage (L) ÷ annual IT-equipment energy use (kWh)
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WUE is a ratio, not a description of where the water went. When reporting it, state the period, the site-water boundary and which uses are included. Keep water withdrawal (water taken from a source) distinct from water consumption (water not returned to the source in the same form or location); neither term should be substituted for the other without defining it.
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Use the same boundary and method when comparing periods or facilities. Otherwise, an apparent change in WUE may reflect a change in what was counted rather than a change in cooling performance. DOE FEMP’s guidance, “Cooling Water Efficiency Opportunities for Federal Data Centers,” explains the metric and operational opportunities.
Reduce cooling demand in existing facilities
Before replacing a cooling system, review how effectively the current one is being operated. DOE FEMP identifies airflow practices and higher chilled-water temperatures as opportunities to reduce chiller energy and, in turn, the heat that cooling towers must reject through evaporation.
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- Review airflow management. Look for opportunities to reduce unnecessary airflow while maintaining safe equipment conditions.
- Review chilled-water temperatures. Assess whether higher setpoints are appropriate for the installed equipment and operating conditions.
- Check the whole cooling response. Confirm that a proposed change maintains reliable operation and actually reduces the site’s cooling load; water effects depend on how the facility rejects heat.
DOE FEMP says these practices can result in 20% less energy consumption at the chiller, referring to its Best Practices Guide for Energy-Efficient Data Center Design. FEMP connects the lower chiller energy use with reduced cooling-tower water demand because less heat must be dissipated by evaporation. The 20% figure is a source-specific statement about the described practices, not a guaranteed saving for every facility.
Compare cooling approaches against both water and energy
Cooling options should be compared against site conditions and operational requirements, not ranked by water use alone. Google has said that water cooling can reduce data-centre energy use by approximately 10% compared with air cooling in many places. That is Google’s location-dependent general comparison, not a result guaranteed at another site. DOE’s design guidance likewise cautions that no single design is most energy-efficient in every scenario.
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| Approach | Water consideration | Energy and design consideration | What to assess |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cooling towers or other evaporative systems | Evaporation can create substantial on-site water demand. | Can be energy-efficient; performance varies with climate and operating conditions. | Cooling-tower demand, local water availability, seasonal conditions and opportunities to reduce heat load. |
| Air-side or mechanical cooling | Depending on design, can reduce or eliminate direct cooling-water use. | May use more electricity than evaporative cooling. | Local energy impacts, climate, reliability requirements and the water savings actually achieved by the proposed design. |
| Direct-to-chip closed-loop liquid cooling | A recirculating IT-side loop can avoid routine evaporation within that loop during normal operation. | Requires compatible servers and racks, cold plates, coolant distribution and a facility design to reject heat. | Whether the claim covers only the IT-side loop or also the facility’s heat-rejection system and other site water uses. |
The trade-off is local. Compare water availability and stress alongside the energy mix, seasonal climate, reliability needs, and whether a project is a retrofit or a new build. A water-saving change that raises electricity use can shift impacts rather than simply remove them.
Consider reclaimed or recycled water where it is suitable
Using reclaimed or recycled water can reduce reliance on freshwater when a dependable local supply is available and its quality is suitable for the cooling system. It is not a plug-in option at every site: assess supply, treatment requirements, system compatibility and local watershed and community context before relying on it.
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Google describes balancing carbon-free energy with responsibly sourced water, including alternatives to freshwater. Microsoft describes reclaimed and recycled water use in several regions. These examples show that sourcing is location-specific; they do not establish that the same alternative supply is available or suitable everywhere.
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“Closed loop” describes how coolant circulates within a system; it does not, on its own, describe a facility’s total water use. Microsoft says its newer direct-to-chip cooling design recirculates coolant and uses no water evaporation for cooling during normal operation. That statement concerns the design’s operational cooling loop, not the full water footprint of every facility or every operating condition.
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When evaluating liquid cooling, account separately for the IT-side coolant loop and the facility’s means of rejecting heat. State whether a water claim covers only normal operation of the loop or the whole site, and identify the period and system boundary. Do not turn a scoped operational claim into an unqualified “zero water” claim.
Use a site-specific decision sequence
- Set the baseline. Record site water use and IT energy over a defined reporting period; calculate WUE using a stated boundary and list the water uses it includes.
- Check operating conditions. Review airflow management and chilled-water setpoints with facilities and engineering teams for changes that preserve safe, reliable operation.
- Compare candidate systems. Evaluate water, energy, climate, local water stress, reliability and retrofit or build constraints together. DOE’s design guidance does not identify one universally best design.
- Test alternative sources. Verify local availability, water quality, required treatment, system compatibility and community context before planning around reclaimed or recycled water.
- Set boundaries for liquid cooling. Distinguish the recirculating IT-side loop from facility heat rejection and other site water uses before reporting a water-saving result.
- Report results with context. Name the operator and location, reporting period, metric definition, system boundary and whether a figure is a company-reported portfolio result or a site-specific measurement.
Interpret company-reported figures carefully
Company figures can illustrate an operator’s own experience but should not be treated as neutral forecasts for another data centre. In its 2026 water-stewardship announcement, Google gave the approximate 10% energy comparison for water versus air cooling in many places; the outcome is location-dependent. Microsoft reported nearly 90% improvement in WUE since its first-generation data centres in the early 2000s. That is a company-reported portfolio claim, not a sector-wide result or a like-for-like ranking of cooling technologies.
For decisions at a particular site, use its measured water and energy data and evaluate candidate designs under local conditions. The cited public statements do not establish a universal technology ranking across operating data centres.
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