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Freedom251 › Blog › blockchain investigations

How Blockchain Investigators Trace Funds From Crypto Scams

By Freedom251 Team · · 9 min read

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Yes, crypto scam money can often be traced, but tracing is not the same as identifying a person or recovering funds. Investigators start with a victim’s transaction hash, destination address, asset, network, amount and timestamp. They follow transfers across wallets and blockchains, examine interactions with exchanges, bridges, mixers and decentralized-finance services, then combine the on-chain trail with exchange records, device evidence and other lawful evidence. A public ledger preserves transaction history, while obfuscation can make that history harder to interpret. Recovery depends on timing, jurisdiction, where the assets are held and whether a custodian can freeze them.

What blockchain tracing can establish

A blockchain record shows what happened to an asset on a particular network: which address sent it, which address received it, how much moved, which token contract was used and when the transaction was confirmed. Analysts turn those records into a graph of addresses, transactions and services.

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The graph can reveal a path such as victim wallet → intermediary addresses → token swap → bridge → hosted exchange deposit. It does not automatically reveal a person’s name. An address is a pseudonymous identifier, not a verified identity. Investigators need corroborating evidence, such as an exchange account, IP or device record, communications, bank transfer or seized device, before treating an attribution as proof.

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“Traceable” therefore has several different meanings:

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  • Traced: analysts have mapped asset movements and identified likely service or wallet relationships.
  • Attributed: on-chain behavior has been linked, with supporting evidence, to an entity or person.
  • Seized: authorities obtained legal authority and took control of the assets.
  • Forfeited: a court process transferred ownership to the government.
  • Returned: money was distributed to victims. This is a separate outcome and is not guaranteed by a successful trace.

Prompt reporting matters because funds may still sit at an identifiable exchange or other custodian that can respond to a lawful request. The FBI reported more than $5.6 billion in cryptocurrency-fraud losses in 2023, a 45% increase from 2022.

Step 1: Preserve the starting evidence

Investigators can do far more with a precise starting point than with a screenshot saying that “bitcoin disappeared.” Preserve the original data before deleting messages, resetting a phone or closing an account.

  1. Record every transaction hash. Copy the complete hash from the wallet or exchange. Do not retype it.
  2. Record addresses and network. Note the sending and receiving addresses, blockchain (such as Bitcoin, Ethereum or another network), token contract where applicable, and memo or destination-tag fields.
  3. Record amount and time. Include the asset denomination, transaction fee if shown, local time zone and the blockchain confirmation time.
  4. Save service records. Keep exchange receipts, bank wires, card statements, deposit addresses, withdrawal confirmations and support-ticket numbers.
  5. Preserve communications. Export emails, chat logs, usernames, phone numbers, web addresses, social-media profiles, invoices and screenshots. Retain original files and metadata when possible.
  6. Write a timeline. Put the first contact, each payment request, each transfer and the discovery of the scam in chronological order.

The FBI advises victims reporting to the Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) to submit as much transaction information as possible. A report should identify the asset and network rather than using a generic term such as “crypto.”

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Step 2: Follow the public ledger

An analyst begins at the victim’s transaction and inspects its inputs, outputs, token transfers, contract calls and timing. Blockchain explorers provide the raw records; professional systems organize those records into a graph that can be filtered by address, asset, date or service.

Reading a simple transfer

On an account-based network, the investigator checks the sender, recipient, amount, token contract, gas payment and any contract function called. On a UTXO-based network, such as Bitcoin, the analyst evaluates inputs and outputs, change behavior and the possibility that several inputs were controlled by one user. These are analytical indicators, not automatic proof of common ownership.

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Building the transaction graph

Each address becomes a node and each transfer an edge. Analysts expand the graph in both directions: backward to identify the source of a payment and forward to see where the proceeds went. They label known services, group related addresses into clusters and mark events such as a swap, bridge deposit or exchange deposit. Timing patterns can show rapid movement, but speed alone does not establish who controlled an address.

Following services and contracts

Investigators inspect intermediary wallets, instant exchangers, decentralized-finance protocols, staking contracts, lending platforms and bridges. Bridge activity remains recorded on the originating and destination chains; moving an asset between chains changes the path, not the fact that a transaction occurred. Analysts correlate the lock, burn, mint or release events on each side of the bridge.

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Step 3: Understand how scammers obscure the path

Splitting and fan-out

A scammer may divide one payment among dozens or hundreds of addresses, then consolidate selected amounts later. This increases the number of plausible paths and creates investigative workload. It does not erase the original transactions.

Rapid swaps

Converting a stolen token to another asset, repeatedly swapping through decentralized exchanges or moving into stablecoins changes the asset labels in the graph. Analysts follow contract events and equivalent values rather than searching only for the original coin.

Chain hopping and bridges

“Chain hopping” moves value through several cryptocurrencies or networks. In a 2023 seizure case, the U.S. Department of Justice described victim deposits moving through dozens of addresses and multiple cryptocurrencies. Cross-chain analysis must connect events on both chains and account for timing, fees, wrapped assets and bridge custody.

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Mixers

Mixers pool or reroute deposits so that the visible relationship between an incoming and outgoing transaction is weaker. FBI Assistant Special Agent in Charge Paul Roberts explained that a mixer “kind of breaks that chain in the transaction history, which is really how you trace cryptocurrency within the blockchain as you see how it moves from wallet to wallet to wallet.” The break is an analytical obstacle, not a guarantee of anonymity. Deposit and withdrawal timing, amount patterns, service infrastructure and later contact with a regulated exchange can still provide leads.

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Privacy-enhancing systems and unhosted wallets

Some systems deliberately reduce the amount of transaction information visible to outsiders. Self-custodied wallets also provide no account-holder record by default. These conditions can delay attribution and may require seizures of devices, controlled transactions or cooperation from a service. They do not make every flow impossible to investigate.

Step 4: Cluster addresses and assess attribution

Clustering combines repeated behavioral signals: common spending patterns, address reuse, shared service deposit formats, synchronized activity, known scam infrastructure and interactions with identified entities. Commercial tools such as Chainalysis Reactor are documented for law-enforcement, regulatory, exchange and corporate teams; they are not consumer recovery products.

Analysts should distinguish a software-generated lead from a defensible conclusion. A report should explain:

  • which transactions were observed directly;
  • which addresses were grouped and the behavioral reasons;
  • which service labels came from known deposits or public attribution;
  • what alternative explanations remain;
  • what independent evidence corroborates the conclusion.

Case-focused workflows can categorize scam addresses, interpret complex transactions, trace bridges and apply automated demixing for selected use cases. The resulting graph is strongest when another analyst can reproduce the query, export the underlying transactions and audit every label.

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Step 5: Reach an off-chain identity

The decisive identity evidence often exists outside the ledger. When proceeds reach a hosted exchange, investigators can seek account-opening and KYC records, login history, IP addresses, device identifiers, linked bank accounts, deposit and withdrawal records, customer-support conversations and internal risk alerts. They obtain those records through the applicable legal process, which may include a subpoena, warrant, court order or international assistance request.

In a Massachusetts case, the DOJ said scam proceeds were traced to two Binance accounts and seized in January 2024. The important investigative transition was from a public address to a custodian-held account with records that could identify and control the assets.

Other off-chain evidence can corroborate or challenge an attribution: a suspect’s phone, cloud account, browser history, seed-phrase notes, communications, domain-registration data, bank activity or admission. Analysts must account for shared computers, stolen credentials, hosted wallets and account takeovers before equating an account with the person who committed the scam.

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What happens when funds reach an exchange?

  1. Deposit detection: the exchange deposit address or transaction pattern is identified in the graph.
  2. Service confirmation: investigators verify the label with the exchange or other custodian rather than relying only on a third-party database.
  3. Legal request: authorities submit the process required in that jurisdiction for account and transaction records.
  4. Preservation or freeze: the custodian may preserve records or restrict withdrawals when legally authorized and when assets remain available.
  5. Seizure: authorities transfer control under a seizure warrant or equivalent order.

An exchange cannot freeze coins that have already left its custody unless another service or wallet is reached. Delay, cross-border location, incomplete KYC, false identity information and account compromise can all reduce the value of an exchange lead.

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Step 6: Freeze, seize and forfeit assets

Tracing supports a legal action; it does not itself transfer ownership. Prosecutors and investigators establish probable cause or the standard required for the relevant proceeding, identify the asset and seek a seizure warrant or civil-forfeiture order. Custodians may assist with a technical transfer after receiving valid instructions.

In August 2024, FBI analysts traced victim funds through wallets and nearly $5 million in Tether was seized, with Tether assisting the transfer. In June 2025, the DOJ alleged that blockchain analysis linked more than $225.3 million to a network that dispersed proceeds across hundreds of thousands of transactions and many addresses. The word “alleged” matters: a charging document or seizure announcement is not a final finding of guilt or a promise that victims will receive a particular amount.

After seizure, a forfeiture case determines whether the government keeps the property and how valid claims are handled. Distribution to victims can take additional proceedings and may be reduced by competing claims, tracing limits, fees or the amount actually recovered.

Comparing investigative approaches

The choice of method depends on the case, not on a single “magic” tracing tool.

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Approach Best use Strengths Limitations Typical access
Direct explorer analysis Small, single-chain transfers Transparent raw transaction history; independently verifiable Manual work; weak service attribution; poor cross-chain context Public
Enterprise graph analytics Large cases spanning services and chains Address clustering, entity labels, bridge and mixer analysis, audit trails Cost, training and false-positive risk; labels require validation Law-enforcement, regulatory, exchange or corporate contracts
Exchange records Identifying a custodied account and freezing assets KYC, login, device and withdrawal data Requires legal process; records may be incomplete or cross-border Authorized investigators
Device and communications forensics Linking wallet control to a person Can reveal keys, accounts, intent and coordination Requires lawful seizure or consent; devices may be encrypted or wiped Investigative or judicial process

When evaluating a professional capability, ask about chain coverage; support for bridges, mixers and DeFi; entity-attribution quality; exportable evidence trails; exchange, case-management and device-forensics integrations; legal-process support; pricing and access model; and controls for false positives.

Why tracing may not recover your money

A clear path can end at an unhosted wallet, a privacy-enhancing service, a foreign custodian, a compromised account or an asset that was spent. Blockchain transactions are generally irreversible. Investigators may identify the destination without having legal authority, practical access or sufficient assets to return.

Recovery services create a second fraud risk. The FBI warns that fraudulent recovery firms may charge an upfront fee, deliver incomplete or inaccurate tracing reports and then demand more money. No legitimate investigator can guarantee recovery merely from a wallet address or transaction hash. Treat unsolicited contact, urgency, secrecy and requests for cryptocurrency payment as warning signs.

What victims should do now

  • Stop sending additional funds or paying “release,” “tax” or “verification” charges.
  • Preserve hashes, addresses, network, token, amounts, timestamps, receipts and communications in their original form.
  • Report promptly to IC3 and relevant local or national authorities, including the exchange or wallet provider used for your legitimate funds.
  • Give investigators a clean timeline and identify every account or device that may contain evidence.
  • Do not alert or negotiate with suspects if law enforcement is engaged; premature contact can prompt rapid transfers or destruction of evidence.
  • Secure remaining accounts by changing passwords, enabling multifactor authentication and reviewing wallet approvals, while avoiding actions that could erase evidence.

The practical goal is a documented, reproducible trail that gives authorities a chance to identify a service, preserve records and act before the assets move again. That goal is realistic; a guaranteed refund is not.

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blockchain investigationscrypto scamscryptocurrency tracingDigital Forensicsfraud recovery

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