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If a trading bot sees duplicate, missing, or out-of-order market-data events, first check the feed’s documented sequence numbers or event IDs—not timestamps alone. If a sequence gap makes a local order book incomplete, stop using that book for trading decisions and rebuild it with the exchange’s documented snapshot-and-delta procedure. WebSocket transport does not guarantee that every application message reaches your consumer.
What the three symptoms mean
Duplicate events
A duplicate is an event your consumer has already incorporated and receives again. Prefer a venue-defined event ID or update range to identify it, and check the identifier’s scope: it may apply only to a particular channel, product, or sequence. Binance Spot trade IDs and depth update IDs provide useful identifiers within their documented contexts (Binance Spot trade streams; Binance Spot diff. depth stream).
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Matching timestamps or identical payloads are not proof that two records are the same event. Distinct events can share a timestamp or values. Use the semantics the venue documents for the specific feed.
Missing events
A sequence jump can indicate that updates were dropped. For depth data, compare the next update with the last update applied to your local book using the venue’s documented rules. If the gap means you cannot establish the correct state, treat the book as stale or incomplete rather than filling in an assumed change.
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Out-of-order events
A lower sequence value may be stale or may have arrived late; applying it blindly to a stateful structure can corrupt that structure. Coinbase Exchange says clients can ignore lower sequence values or treat them as out of order. Sequencing rules are feed-specific, so do not compare IDs across channels unless the venue says they are comparable (Coinbase Exchange WebSocket overview).
Why WebSocket messages can still be lost or reordered
WebSocket runs over TCP, but that does not ensure your application receives every feed update. Coinbase’s official Exchange documentation warns: “Even though a WebSocket connection is over TCP, the WebSocket servers receive market data in a manner that can result in dropped messages.” Its sequence numbers help clients detect jumps and lower values that may be out of order (Coinbase Exchange WebSocket overview).
Loss or duplication can also appear later in your own pipeline: a parser may reject a record, a queue may build up, a consumer may retry work, or a restart may replay uncommitted input. Diagnose the point where the event first diverges instead of assuming the exchange or WebSocket connection is the cause.
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Record enough information to locate the fault
For each incoming event, preserve enough context to compare what arrived with what your bot applied. A practical diagnostic record includes:
- Venue, environment, channel, product or symbol, and connection or session identifier.
- Venue event ID or sequence range, plus event and transaction timestamps when supplied.
- Local receive timestamp, the last sequence or checkpoint applied, and whether the event changed state.
- Reconnects, subscription acknowledgments, parser errors, queue depth, state rebuilds, and consumer retries.
Keep exchange timestamps distinct from local receive time. These fields help distinguish a late feed event from an ingestion delay or delayed processing; none is a substitute for the venue’s sequence rules.
Resync a local order book after a sequence gap
Binance Spot depth-stream example
Binance Spot documents a snapshot-and-delta method for building a local order book. The identifiers and comparisons below belong to that procedure; do not reuse them as generic rules for another venue or channel (Binance Spot: How to manage a local order book correctly).
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- Open the depth stream and buffer incoming events.
- Fetch a REST depth snapshot and note its last update ID.
- Discard buffered events already covered by that snapshot, then apply the remaining deltas in sequence according to Binance’s documented rules.
- Ignore an event whose last update ID is already behind the local book’s update ID.
- If an event’s first update ID is greater than the local update ID plus one, treat it as a gap: discard the local book and restart the synchronization process.
Do not keep trading from a book after detecting a gap while you attempt to patch it. The missing changes are unknown, so the resulting price levels may not reflect the exchange’s current book.
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Coinbase Exchange documents per-product increasing sequence numbers for most messages: a jump indicates a dropped message, and a lower number may be ignored or may have arrived out of order. Its documentation suggests the level2 channel when a client needs order-book updates delivered for synchronization. Check the current contract for the exact product and channel you use rather than assuming all feeds behave alike (Coinbase Exchange WebSocket overview).
Use timestamps for diagnosis, not as universal ordering keys
Keep event time, transaction time, and local receive time separate. They answer different questions: when the venue generated an event, when a transaction occurred, and when your process observed it.
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Binance Coin Futures user-data documentation distinguishes transaction time T from event-generation time E. For the documented stream, messages of the same event type on one connection for one user are strictly ordered by those times, and Binance recommends E when comparing different event types. That is a Binance-specific rule, not a universal guarantee for other venues or streams (Binance Coin Futures user-data streams).
Check the broker and consumer path for redelivery
If events pass through Kafka or another broker, trace one event from ingestion through the broker offset or sequence, consumer processing, database or state write, and any resulting order submission. A retry can cause the same input to be processed again even when the exchange sent it only once.
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Recover safely after reconnects or restarts
After reconnecting, determine whether the feed’s sequence proves continuity. If it does not, resubscribe and rebuild state from a supported snapshot or reconcile it with an authoritative account or order query before trusting it. Keep the trading decision layer aware that data is stale or rebuilding; it should not make decisions from a partial order book or account view.
Connection lifetimes are part of recovery design. Binance documents a 24-hour validity period for the cited Spot market stream and Coin Futures user-data stream; its Spot documentation also describes ping/pong expectations. These are venue- and stream-specific API details, so check the live documentation for the feed you operate (Binance Spot WebSocket market streams; Binance Coin Futures user-data streams).
Choose a recovery method that fits the feed
Before relying on any event stream for stateful decisions, establish how it behaves in the cases below. Binance Spot’s snapshot-plus-delta method and Coinbase’s level2 guidance illustrate why recovery must follow the selected venue and channel’s contract.
- Does each event have a stable ID or sequence range, and what is its scope?
- Is sequencing per symbol, product, connection, or event type?
- Does the channel provide a full snapshot, deltas only, or both?
- Is there an authoritative snapshot or account/order endpoint for reconciliation?
- Does reconnecting or resubscribing preserve sequence continuity?
- Can database writes and order actions safely be retried without repeating side effects?
Sequence rules and APIs can change, and the Kafka references above are versioned documentation. Verify the live venue documentation for your specific stream and Kafka documentation matching your deployed version.
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