If an API key, GitHub token, SSH key, webhook secret, or CI/CD credential may have leaked, treat it as compromised immediately. Revoke or disable it first, preserve evidence, identify what it could access, rotate every dependent secret, and only then restore normal deployments. This checklist gives developers and incident owners an ordered response that limits damage without destroying the evidence needed to understand it.
1. Declare the incident and start a written timeline
Do not handle a suspected credential leak as an ordinary bug. Name an incident owner, open a private incident record, and record times in UTC. The first entry should state when the exposure was discovered, when it may have started, which repository, workstation, build system, cloud account, or service is involved, and who is coordinating the response.
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Keep a working timeline as actions occur. Record the exact token or key identifier when available, the person who performed each action, the system response, and links to preserved logs. Avoid putting secret values in the incident document; use a redacted fingerprint, last four characters, token ID, or provider-assigned key ID instead.
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- Discovery time: when a person, scanner, provider alert, or suspicious event identified the exposure.
- Possible exposure window: the earliest commit, log entry, build, support ticket, screen recording, or device event that could have revealed the credential.
- Systems at risk: source control, package registries, cloud resources, databases, production APIs, signing services, and deployment platforms.
- Incident owner: one person accountable for decisions, handoffs, and the final recovery record.
- Decision log: why a credential was revoked, why a repository was or was not rewritten, and when monitoring was increased.
Use a private channel and restrict access to people who need the information. A broad announcement containing the exposed value creates a second disclosure.
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2. Contain the exposure before investigating deeply
Assume an exposed credential is usable until the issuing service confirms that it is invalid. Do not wait for proof of abuse, and do not test the key by making a live request. Revoke, disable, or quarantine the credential through the provider’s control plane, then investigate with logs and replacement credentials.
Prioritize credentials by blast radius
| Credential or access path | Immediate action | What to verify afterward |
|---|---|---|
| Cloud access key or service-account credential | Disable or revoke the key; rotate dependent application secrets. | No active workloads still depend on the old key and no new sessions are being created with it. |
| GitHub personal access token | Delete or revoke the token in the account’s developer settings. | Automation and scripts use a replacement token with only required scopes. |
| Fine-grained repository token | Revoke the token and review its repository and permission grants. | Replacement access is limited to named repositories and operations. |
| SSH deploy key or user key | Remove the public key from the account, repository, or server and issue a new pair. | The old fingerprint is rejected everywhere it was trusted. |
| CI/CD secret, webhook secret, or package-publishing token | Rotate it in the system that owns it and update every consumer. | Builds, webhooks, and publishing succeed only with the new value. |
| Signing key or certificate | Follow the issuer’s emergency revocation and re-issuance process. | New artifacts verify with the replacement and old signatures are handled according to the platform’s policy. |
Cut off active sessions and secondary access
Revoking a token does not necessarily terminate sessions created with it, and it does not remove access granted through an OAuth application, organization membership, deploy key, or cached cloud role. In parallel with token revocation, invalidate sessions where the provider supports it, remove unfamiliar OAuth authorizations, suspend suspicious users, and disable temporary credentials.
If the leak came from a developer laptop, disconnect the device from sensitive networks without wiping it. Preserve the disk and volatile evidence under your organization’s incident process, then use a known-clean machine for credential rotation. If malware or an infostealer is plausible, rotate credentials from that clean machine and treat every credential stored on the affected device as suspect.
3. Revoke GitHub access safely
Use the account or organization that owns the credential. For a personal access token, open GitHub, go to Settings → Developer settings → Personal access tokens, select the token type, and revoke or delete the exposed token. Note its name, creation time, expiration, scopes, and last-use information in the incident record before removal if the interface displays them.
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Check the other GitHub access paths separately:
- Review Settings → Applications for unfamiliar OAuth applications and revoke authorizations that are not required.
- Review Settings → SSH and GPG keys and remove unknown or exposed keys. Compare fingerprints with your inventory rather than relying on a key’s label.
- For repositories, inspect Settings → Deploy keys and remove keys that were exposed or are no longer needed.
- For Actions, inspect Settings → Secrets and variables → Actions at repository, environment, and organization scope. Rotate the underlying value, not merely the secret’s display name.
- Review outside collaborators, team membership, installed GitHub Apps, and organization owners. Remove access that cannot be justified.
Token permissions matter. A read-only package token, a repository-scoped fine-grained token, and an organization administration token do not have the same impact. Record the actual scopes and repository grants, not a general label such as “GitHub token.”
4. Rotate secrets everywhere the old value was used
Revocation stops one credential; rotation restores the service with a different credential. Create the replacement only after the old value is invalid, and give the replacement the smallest permissions and shortest practical lifetime.
- Inventory consumers. Search deployment manifests, environment-variable definitions, secret-manager entries, local development files, workflow files, container definitions, infrastructure code, documentation, and vendor integrations. Include disabled or rarely used jobs.
- Create a replacement. Use the provider’s normal issuance process, select the minimum scopes, set an expiration where supported, and assign an owner or service identity.
- Update the source of truth. Change the secret manager or protected CI/CD variable first. Do not paste the new value into a commit, issue, pull request, chat, or ticket.
- Update consumers in dependency order. Restart or redeploy services that cache environment variables, then update scheduled jobs, workers, webhooks, local development environments, and third-party integrations.
- Test with the replacement. Run a read-only health check or staging deployment before enabling production writes. Confirm that logs do not print the value.
- Disable the old value again. If a rollback temporarily requires it, document the exception, restrict its lifetime, and revoke it immediately after the rollback.
When one secret was reused for several systems, rotate each system independently. Reusing the same replacement recreates the original single point of failure.
5. Preserve and audit evidence before retention expires
Credential revocation changes what an attacker can do next; audit data shows what may already have happened. Export relevant logs before their retention period ends and store the exports in an access-controlled, tamper-evident location.
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GitHub audit review
Organization owners can open the organization’s Settings → Logs → Audit log and filter by actor, action, repository, date range, and other available fields. Audit-log visibility, retention, and export capabilities vary by GitHub account and organization plan, so record the plan and the exact search range used.
Search from before the earliest possible exposure through the time containment completed. Look for repository access, token or key changes, permission changes, collaborator invitations, workflow-file edits, secret changes, releases, package publication, branch-protection changes, and unfamiliar IP addresses or user agents. Export the results in the available format and preserve the query criteria with the export.
Where an API or command-line export is used, save the raw response as well as a human-readable copy. Do not paste full tokens, cookies, authorization headers, or secret values into an issue or shared log.
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Correlate logs across systems
- Source control: commits, pull requests, force pushes, branch changes, releases, tags, and repository visibility changes.
- CI/CD: workflow runs, runner identity, job output, artifacts, cache contents, approvals, environment deployments, and secret-access events.
- Cloud and production: API calls, object reads, instance creation, security-group changes, database authentication, billing changes, and privilege escalation.
- Package registries and signing: publishes, unpublishes, downloads, provenance records, and key-use events.
- Network and identity: sign-ins, MFA changes, new devices, impossible travel, VPN or proxy activity, and administrative changes.
Build a table that maps each suspicious event to the credential or identity that could have performed it. An event outside the credential’s permissions is useful negative evidence; it should not be silently attributed to the leak.
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6. Determine whether the secret was actually exposed
Search every location where the value could have appeared, including current files and history. A secret removed from the latest commit may remain in older commits, tags, forks, pull-request diffs, build logs, artifacts, caches, container layers, editor backups, crash reports, or screenshots.
Use secret-scanning tools and a targeted manual search for the provider’s key prefix, identifier, or a safely hashed fingerprint. Never print the complete value while searching. Review alerts for false positives, but do not dismiss an alert solely because the secret was deleted from the current branch.
For a Git repository, inspect history with commands such as git log --all --full-history -- path/to/file and review objects referenced by all branches and tags. If sensitive material is found, restrict repository access while deciding whether history must be rewritten. History rewriting removes references, but it does not erase copies already cloned, forked, cached, or indexed elsewhere; revocation remains mandatory.
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After containment, compare the affected project and deployment configuration with a known-good revision. Look for workflow steps that upload secrets, new self-hosted runners, altered dependency sources, obfuscated scripts, unexpected package versions, modified build images, hidden users, scheduled jobs, and changes to branch protection or required reviews.
Rebuild from a trusted commit or a clean environment rather than assuming that a compromised runner is safe. Revoke runner registration tokens, remove unknown runners, rotate signing and registry credentials, and invalidate cached artifacts when the platform permits it. Review dependencies and lockfiles for additions made during the exposure window.
If production data may have been read or changed, involve the database and legal or privacy teams. Preserve affected records and access logs before deleting resources. Do not destroy a compromised environment until its evidence has been captured or the incident owner approves the action.
8. Recover in controlled stages
- Restore identity controls. Require MFA for affected human accounts, remove unnecessary administrators, and confirm recovery methods and session invalidation.
- Deploy with replacement secrets. Use a clean runner or workstation, verify the commit and dependency lockfile, and keep the old credential disabled.
- Start with a canary. Send limited traffic or enable one worker, then watch authentication failures, unusual API calls, resource creation, outbound traffic, and cost signals.
- Expand gradually. Increase traffic only after the canary remains clean for a period appropriate to the service’s normal workload and log visibility.
- Keep heightened monitoring. Maintain alerts for use of the revoked identifier, unexpected privilege changes, new tokens, unusual locations, and repository or workflow modifications.
A successful deployment is not proof that the incident is closed. Close the incident only after log review covers the exposure window, old credentials are confirmed invalid, suspicious changes are resolved, affected parties are notified when required, and the owner signs off on residual risk.
Quick Recap
9. Prevent the next developer-tool breach
- Store credentials in a managed secret store or protected CI/CD variables; never commit them to source.
- Prefer short-lived, repository-scoped or workload-identity credentials over shared, long-lived administrator tokens.
- Enforce MFA, SSO, least privilege, environment approvals, and branch protection for sensitive repositories.
- Enable secret scanning and push protection where available, and route alerts to an owner who can revoke immediately.
- Mask secrets in build logs and prevent shell tracing from displaying environment variables or authorization headers.
- Inventory tokens, keys, OAuth apps, deploy keys, runners, service accounts, and their owners. Review the inventory on a fixed schedule.
- Set expiration dates and alerts for credentials that cannot be short-lived.
- Test the response procedure with a tabletop exercise: identify the owner, revoke a test credential, export audit events, rotate a dependent service, and verify recovery.
- Document provider-specific revocation paths and the retention period for audit logs, because an emergency is the worst time to discover that no one knows where a control lives.
10. Quick decision checklist
Use this condensed sequence when time is critical:
- Declare the incident, assign an owner, and record the exposure window.
- Revoke or disable the exposed credential and invalidate related sessions or authorizations.
- Quarantine affected devices, runners, repositories, or deployments without destroying evidence.
- Export GitHub, CI/CD, cloud, identity, package, and network logs for the full possible window.
- Inventory every consumer and rotate dependent secrets from a known-clean environment.
- Inspect history, workflow files, artifacts, runners, dependencies, and production changes for persistence or abuse.
- Rebuild and redeploy with least-privilege replacements, beginning with a canary.
- Monitor for reuse of the old credential and document notifications, residual risk, and corrective actions.
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