Yes—but not all at once, and not on one timetable. The Sun is expected to make the inner Solar System radically different in roughly five to six billion years. Earth will lose habitability earlier, as the Sun brightens. The outer planets may take far longer to disperse: one 2020 simulation study gives a characteristic timescale of about 100 billion years for the Solar System’s complete dynamical dissolution. That last figure is a model result, not a scheduled or certain end date.
What does it mean for the Solar System to be “destroyed”?
The answer depends on what is lost. Earth becoming uninhabitable is not the same event as the Sun engulfing inner planets, and neither necessarily means every planet and small body has been ejected or destroyed.
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| Meaning of “destroyed” | What happens | Approximate timescale | How certain is it? |
|---|---|---|---|
| Earth becomes uninhabitable | Increasing solar brightness makes Earth unsuitable for life before the Sun reaches its red giant phase. | Before the red giant stage; the cited NASA account does not give a precise date. | NASA presents this as preceding the red giant phase, not as the physical dismantling of the whole planetary system. NASA Science |
| The Sun transforms and the inner planets are lost | The Sun swells into a red giant, then sheds its outer layers and becomes a white dwarf. Mercury and Venus are expected to be destroyed; Earth’s outcome is uncertain. | Roughly five to six billion years for the Sun’s red giant transformation. | A broad stellar-evolution expectation; the exact fate of Earth is not settled. NASA Webb and NASA Science |
| The outer planetary system dynamically disperses | In one model, stellar encounters destabilize the expanded outer system and ultimately eject its planets. | About 100 billion years as a characteristic complete-dissolution timescale in the 2020 study. | A result from an ensemble of simulations, not a guaranteed date or a conclusion about every moon, small body, or undiscovered planet. Zink, Batygin and Adams (2020) |
Why the Sun changes the inner Solar System first
The Sun is not expected to explode as a supernova. It will instead evolve into a red giant: after its core hydrogen supply is depleted, it will swell, lose its outer layers, and leave behind a white dwarf. NASA’s Webb article places the red giant transition at approximately five billion years; a NASA educational chapter gives about six billion years. These are rounded estimates from different explanatory accounts, not competing precise predictions. NASA also describes the Sun as halfway through an approximately 10-billion-year lifetime.
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1Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches2Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors3Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteLong before the red giant stage, gradual brightening will make Earth uninhabitable. That is the earliest major loss relevant to life on Earth, but it does not mean the planets have already been physically dismantled. NASA’s 2025 expert explainer describes the Sun’s long lifetime, while NASA Science places the loss of Earth’s habitability before the red giant phase.
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What happens to each planet as the Sun becomes a red giant?
Mercury and Venus
NASA says the expanding Sun is expected to engulf and destroy Mercury and Venus. Their loss is the clearest part of the inner planets’ fate in the cited accounts. NASA Webb
Earth
Earth’s final physical fate is uncertain. NASA’s Webb article says it may be swallowed, while NASA’s educational chapter says recent modelling suggests Earth probably will not survive intact. The distinction matters: the sources do not establish a definite outcome, even though Earth will become uninhabitable earlier.
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Mars
Mars is expected to fare differently from Mercury and Venus. The NASA educational chapter quotes University of Warwick astronomer Dimitri Veras: “I am confident that the Sun will swallow Mercury and Venus, and not Mars.” This is Veras’s assessment, not a guarantee that settles every detail of Mars’s future.
The outer planets
As the Sun loses mass, its gravitational hold weakens and surviving planetary orbits expand. NASA’s educational chapter says the Sun will shed about half its mass and gives a rounded illustration in which the outer planets end up at about twice their current distances from the Sun: Neptune, for example, moves from roughly 30 to roughly 60 Earth–Sun distances. These are approximate educational figures, not a detailed forecast for every orbit.
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NASA says the more distant planets’ ultimate fate, particularly that of the gas giants, is unclear. Orbital expansion does not by itself mean they will be destroyed or immediately ejected.
How could the outer planets eventually escape?
A 2020 study by Jon K. Zink, Konstantin Batygin and Fred C. Adams modeled the long-term dynamics of the gas giants after the Sun’s evolution. In the simulations, the Sun’s mass loss expands the outer planetary system. Over time, passing stars can perturb that enlarged arrangement, pushing it into chaotic dynamics that can end in planetary ejections.
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- The Sun sheds mass. The weaker gravitational pull allows surviving planets’ orbits to expand.
- Stellar encounters perturb the system. In the modeled sequence, encounters begin to disturb the expanded outer planets after about 30 billion years.
- Planets are ejected over time. The study’s simulations have most planets ejected across the following roughly 10 billion years; a later close stellar encounter can free the remaining planet.
The study reports roughly 100 billion years as a characteristic timescale for complete dynamical dissolution. Its sequence and timing describe the model, not a countdown for our Solar System. The result also does not establish the fate of every small body, moon, or hypothetical undiscovered planet. Read the study abstract at Louisiana State University’s repository.
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Is there one date when the Solar System ends?
No. “The end” can refer to separate milestones: Earth’s habitability ends before the red giant phase; the Sun’s transformation and the likely loss of Mercury and Venus occur in roughly five to six billion years; and the modeled dispersal of the outer planets unfolds on a much longer timescale, with a characteristic estimate near 100 billion years. These events use different mechanisms and have different levels of certainty, so combining them into a single Solar System death date would be misleading.
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