PC Slower Than It Used to Be?
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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteYes. A Cloudflare Worker with an email handler receives each message routed to it, exposes the unparsed MIME stream as message.raw, and can write that stream into a D1 table through an environment binding. The handler below is about 25 lines of JavaScript. Around it you need a D1 table, a Wrangler binding, and an Email Routing rule that sends the address to the Worker.
“Every message” needs one qualification up front. The archive stores every message that reaches the handler and fits the documented storage limits. It is not a guarantee of permanent retention, backups, or delivery in every failure case. The sections below explain where those boundaries sit.
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What you need before you start
- A domain whose DNS is hosted on Cloudflare. Email Routing requires Cloudflare DNS for the domain.
- A Cloudflare account with Workers and D1 available, and Node.js with Wrangler installed.
- An address on that domain, such as
[email protected], that you want to route to the Worker.
How mail reaches the Worker
Mail only reaches your code after Email Routing is configured to send an address pattern to the Worker. In the Cloudflare dashboard, open Email Routing for the domain, go to Routing rules, create a custom address, and set the action to send to a Worker, selecting the Worker you deploy below. Dashboard labels change from time to time, so treat these names as a guide. The rule has to be enabled. A disabled or missing rule means messages never enter the handler, and nothing in the Worker will show a failure.
The official Email Service overview describes two routing paths. The comparison below explains why this article uses the Worker path.
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| Option | What happens to the message | Custom code | Persistent archive in D1 | Setup effort |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forward to an existing address | Delivered to a mailbox you already use | Not required | No; you would need a separate archive | Lowest |
| Send to a Worker | Passed to the email handler, which can read the raw MIME and write to D1 |
Required | Yes, through a D1 binding | Moderate: Worker, D1 database, and routing rule |
Create the D1 table
The schema below is one reasonable layout, not a Cloudflare requirement. It keeps a few searchable metadata columns next to the raw message. The raw message is stored as a BLOB, so no Base64 encoding is needed and the stored size is the size of the original bytes.
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS emails (
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
received_at TEXT NOT NULL,
sender TEXT NOT NULL,
recipient TEXT NOT NULL,
subject TEXT,
message_id TEXT,
raw_size INTEGER NOT NULL,
raw BLOB NOT NULL
);The handler
Save this as src/index.js. It reads the stream, rejects messages that are too large for a single row, and inserts the rest with a prepared statement whose values are bound as parameters.
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const MAX_RAW_BYTES = 1_900_000; // below the 2,000,000-byte row/BLOB limit, leaving room for the other columns
export default {
async email(message, env) {
if (message.rawSize > MAX_RAW_BYTES) {
message.setReject('Message too large to archive');
return;
}
const raw = await new Response(message.raw).arrayBuffer();
if (raw.byteLength > MAX_RAW_BYTES) {
message.setReject('Message too large to archive');
return;
}
await env.DB.prepare(
'INSERT INTO emails (received_at, sender, recipient, subject, message_id, raw_size, raw) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)'
)
.bind(
new Date().toISOString(),
message.from,
message.to,
message.headers.get('subject') ?? '',
message.headers.get('message-id') ?? '',
raw.byteLength,
raw
)
.run();
},
};The listing is the handler only. Wrangler configuration and the schema file sit beside it, as shown in the deployment steps.
How the handler works
Reading the raw stream
message.raw is a ReadableStream, and a stream can be consumed only once. Wrapping it in a Response and calling arrayBuffer() reads the whole message into memory as bytes. Cloudflare’s local routing documentation uses the same wrapping idiom. The pre-check on message.rawSize runs first so oversized messages are refused before the stream is read at all.
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Choosing the size threshold
The D1 limits documentation lists a maximum string, BLOB, or row size of 2,000,000 bytes. The raw message is one BLOB inside one row, and the metadata columns share that row. The handler therefore uses 1,900,000 bytes as its threshold. That margin is a design choice, not a Cloudflare figure. Adjust it if your metadata is larger.
Binding values safely
Every value enters the statement through .bind(...) and a ? placeholder. Sender, recipient, and subject come from the message, so none of them should be concatenated into SQL text. An ArrayBuffer bound to a BLOB column is stored as bytes.
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Failure behaviour
An oversized message is rejected with setReject(), which tells the sending server the message was refused, and the handler returns without writing a row. If the insert fails, the exception propagates out of the handler and appears in the Worker’s logs. The handler does not retry or write a fallback copy. Plan for that case in production, as described in the limits section.
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Deploy and test
Deployment steps
- Create the database with
npx wrangler d1 create email-archive. The command prints adatabase_id; copy it. - Add the binding to
wrangler.toml. Use a currentcompatibility_dateand paste in the ID from step 1.name = 'email-archive' main = 'src/index.js' compatibility_date = '2026-10-01' [[d1_databases]] binding = 'DB' database_name = 'email-archive' database_id = 'paste-the-id-from-step-1' - Apply the schema to the remote database with
npx wrangler d1 execute email-archive --remote --file=schema.sql. - Deploy with
npx wrangler deploy. - In the dashboard, create the routing rule described earlier, pointing the address at this Worker, and confirm it is enabled.
Local check
Before you point live mail at the Worker, run npx wrangler d1 execute email-archive --local --file=schema.sql and start the Worker with npx wrangler dev. Cloudflare’s local development documentation describes how to trigger the email handler on your machine. A local run confirms the code and the binding work. It does not prove that Email Routing delivers mail to your Worker.
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Live test
Send a message from an outside account to the routed address. Then query the newest rows:
npx wrangler d1 execute email-archive --remote --command "SELECT id, received_at, sender, subject, raw_size FROM emails ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 5;"A successful test shows a new row whose sender and subject match the message you sent, and a raw_size close to the size of the original message including headers. If no row appears, run npx wrangler tail while you send a second test message. A thrown error will show there. If the tail is silent, check the routing rule first, because the handler never ran.
Limits that decide what “every message” means
The figures below come from Cloudflare’s D1 limits documentation as it stood when this article was written. The page was last updated on 24 August 2026. Limits change, so check the current page before you size a production archive.
| Limit | Value | Why it matters here |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum string, BLOB, or row size | 2,000,000 bytes | A raw message larger than this cannot be stored in one row, so the handler rejects it. |
| Maximum database size, Workers Free | 500 MB | Caps how many messages a free-plan archive can hold. |
| Maximum database size, Workers Paid | 10 GB | Applies to the paid plan; plan for pruning or a second database once you approach it. |
Given those limits, a fair description of the archive is that it stores each message that reaches the handler, is no larger than the row limit, and fits in the database. Several conditions sit outside the code:
Quick Recap
- A disabled or misconfigured routing rule, or DNS that is not on Cloudflare, means the handler never runs.
- A handler error or a full database causes the insert to fail. The code does not queue or retry the message.
- Cloudflare’s documentation does not, in the sources reviewed for this article, promise permanent retention or a transactional delivery guarantee for inbound mail. Treat the D1 table as the record you control, not a guaranteed copy.
What this listing leaves out
- Migrations beyond a single schema file, and a plan for changing the table later.
- Retention rules, pruning, and backups or exports of the database.
- Deduplication. The
message_idcolumn is not unique, so a message redelivered by a sending server can be stored twice. - Attachment handling and search over message bodies. The raw MIME is stored as-is.
- Alerting on failed inserts or rejected messages. Logs and
wrangler tailare manual tools.
.
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