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An agent that cannot see a page can still make reliable claims about it, but only within the limits of what the browser exposes. It reads the rendered text, the document structure, and the accessibility tree, then checks behavior by activating controls and observing what changes. Every claim should be sorted into one of three outcomes: verified from text, verified by behavior, or not established. A claim that depends on appearance, on unlabelled non-text content, or on a state the agent never reached belongs in the third group, not in a guess.
What a text-only agent can actually read
A browser exposes the same page through several representations. They overlap, but they answer different questions, and a careful agent uses each for what it is good at.
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Rendered text and the DOM
The Document Object Model describes the page’s structure: headings, paragraphs, links, labels, and the elements that contain them. Use it to locate content and to record where a statement came from. For pages built with JavaScript, the raw HTML a server returns may not contain the final content. Browser-agent documentation, including Cloudflare’s guidance on its browser agent, describes reading DOM state after scripts have run and extracting content that appears only then. Read the rendered state of the page, not the initial response body, whenever a script can change what the user sees.
The accessibility tree
The accessibility tree is a semantic representation built from the DOM and exposed to assistive technologies. The W3C’s WAI-ARIA 1.2 specification describes it as parallel to the DOM and defines which elements are exposed and which are excluded. For an agent, its main value is identifying controls by role, accessible name, and state. A button labelled “Subscribe” with a role of button and no disabled state is a far better basis for a claim than a rectangle that happens to be styled like a button. A generic element with a click handler and no role tells you very little, and the agent should not infer its function from styling alone.
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Interaction results
A control’s presence does not prove that it works. A claim such as “the Search button returns results” is behavioral, so it needs an observed outcome: a navigation, a changed URL, a new block of text, or an error message. Browser-tool guidance from Microsoft’s Visual Studio Code documentation on building and validating web apps with browser tools describes exercising interactions and validating the resulting page state. That is the step that turns a found element into a verified behavior.
Screenshots, when they are off the table
web.dev’s guidance on agent-friendly websites describes screenshots, raw HTML, and accessibility trees as three common ways agents observe a site, and notes that combining them can help. A screenshot is useful to a visually capable system for layout, visual grouping, and image-only content. An agent that truly cannot interpret images has no use for one as evidence. It has two options: find an accessible equivalent, such as a text alternative or a caption, or leave the visual claim unresolved.
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A verification workflow that holds up to review
The method below is a recommended editorial practice drawn from how these sources describe verification. It is not a formal standard, but each step produces something another reviewer can reproduce.
- Write the claim as one observable statement. “The page contains a shipping policy,” “the shipping link opens the policy,” and “the policy is visually prominent” each need different evidence. Only the first two can be checked without vision, and the third usually cannot.
- Inspect the current rendered page. Record the URL, the page state (for example, whether a cookie banner or a modal is open), the exact relevant text, and the element or node that supplied it. Re-read after scripts have finished loading.
- Check controls in the accessibility tree. Confirm the role, accessible name, and state. If the exposed name does not match the intended action, the control’s purpose is not established.
- Test behavior only when the claim is behavioral. Activate the control in a safe, reversible way and inspect the resulting URL, state, or content. For a form that writes data, stop before the final submission or use a test account, and record the validation message or confirmation the page shows.
- Preserve the trace. Keep the exact excerpt or structured observation, its location in the page, and the step that produced it. A reader who repeats the steps should reach the same observation.
- State the limit. If the claim depends on appearance, on an image without a usable text alternative, on a canvas, or on a state the agent cannot reach, say so in the published claim.
A worked example
Suppose an article claims that a newsletter form on a site “submits your email and confirms the subscription.” Split it into two claims. The first, that the form has an email field and a button named “Subscribe,” can be verified from the accessibility tree. The second, that submitting produces a confirmation, is behavioral. The agent fills the field with a test address, activates the button, and records whatever the page then shows. If it shows a confirmation message, the behavioral claim is verified by behavior for that test run. If the agent declines to submit at all, the claim stays “not established,” and the article should say that the confirmation was not tested.
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The three outcomes every claim should map to
- Verified from text: the statement appears in rendered page content or in a semantic name or description.
- Verified by behavior: an interaction was performed in a stated state, and the result was observed and recorded.
- Not established: the available text and structure do not expose the fact, or the relevant state was not tested.
Keep these categories separate in the final write-up. Merging a verified-from-text claim with an untested behavior is the most common way a text-only review overstates what it found.
What a text-only check can miss
The accessibility tree is deliberately not a full visual transcript. WAI-ARIA excludes certain hidden or non-displayed content from the tree, and its rules concern semantics and assistive-technology access, not a complete picture of the page. A chart, a logo, or a decorative image may carry meaning that never reaches the accessible name or description.
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W3C’s Web Accessibility Initiative guidance on text alternatives explains the mechanism that makes non-text content available to people who cannot view it. As the WAI puts it: “For this text to be useful, it must be programmatically determinable.” In practice, this means that an image is only as readable to an agent as its text alternative is, and only if that alternative is actually linked to the image.
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- Content loaded only after an action. A panel that appears after a click is not present in the first snapshot. Interact, then re-inspect.
- A control with no accessible name. It may be visible and functional, but the agent cannot tell what it does, so the purpose claim is not established.
- A disabled or hidden state. A button can exist in the DOM and be disabled or excluded from the tree. Report the state the page presents, not an assumed one.
- Canvas or image-only charts. Without a text equivalent, the data inside them is not available to a text-only reader.
- Content in another frame or surface. An embedded frame or a separate window can hold the claim’s evidence. Check whether the agent’s view actually includes it.
Do not turn “not found in the accessibility tree” into “does not exist.” The item may be visually present but unlabelled, loaded later, blocked by a browser limitation, or represented somewhere the agent did not look.
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Choosing an observation method
| Axis | Rendered text / DOM | Accessibility tree | Interaction check | Screenshot |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main evidence | Document text and structure | Roles, names, states, relationships | Resulting URL, state, or content | Visual appearance and layout |
| Best used for | Finding content and recording its location | Identifying meaningful controls | Establishing whether an action works | Visual grouping and image-only details |
| Typical limit | Structure alone does not establish behavior or visual meaning | Hidden or unexposed content may be absent | Only covers the state tested; may be unsafe or stateful | Needs vision; ambiguous without semantic context |
| Accuracy figure | Not stated in the sources reviewed | Not stated in the sources reviewed | Not stated in the sources reviewed | Not stated in the sources reviewed |
The sources reviewed for this article describe these representations and their uses, but none measures how often an agent reaches a correct verdict using one method over another. Treat the table as a guide to what each method can and cannot show, not as a ranking of reliability.
Keeping verdicts honest over time
Browser-tool features and accessibility behaviors change between releases, so confirm current behavior against the documentation for the tool you use, and re-run the observation before relying on an old result. A verdict recorded with its URL, page state, tool version, and date remains useful to a reader who needs to repeat it.
The rule that holds across every representation is simple. An agent that can point to the element, the text, or the observed result behind a claim can state that claim. An agent that cannot should say “not established” and explain what it could not see.
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