Use one Selenium WebDriver session: sign in through the site’s normal flow, confirm authentication, then visit each target URL, wait for its content to render, and save a screenshot before moving on. Keeping the same browser session open lets it retain the authenticated context; a successful navigation alone does not guarantee that dynamic page content is ready.
What this workflow captures
Selenium’s Python WebDriver screenshot methods capture the current browser window. The workflow below saves one current-window screenshot per URL; it does not promise a browser-independent full-page capture. See the Selenium screenshot API documentation.
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The login form, selectors, and authentication checks differ by site. Use an account and automation approach you are authorized to use. This example assumes a conventional login page and a site-specific element that appears after successful sign-in; adapt those selectors to the target website.
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Install Selenium and prepare the script
Install Selenium in the Python environment where you will run the script:
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python -m pip install seleniumSelenium’s current Python setup guidance is in its official getting-started documentation. The example uses Selenium Manager through the standard WebDriver constructor; browser availability and compatibility remain prerequisites.
Run a single authenticated session across multiple pages
Set the environment variables and replace the example URLs and CSS selectors with values for your site. The login selectors below are illustrative, not universal. The script waits for an authenticated marker after login and a page-specific element on each target page, then saves a distinct PNG filename.
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import os
from pathlib import Path
from urllib.parse import urlparse
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
LOGIN_URL = "https://example.com/login"
USERNAME = os.environ["SITE_USERNAME"]
PASSWORD = os.environ["SITE_PASSWORD"]
# Adapt these URLs and readiness selectors for your site.
PAGES = [
("account", "https://example.com/account", (By.CSS_SELECTOR, "main h1")),
("orders", "https://example.com/account/orders", (By.CSS_SELECTOR, "main .orders-list")),
("settings", "https://example.com/account/settings", (By.CSS_SELECTOR, "main form")),
]
OUTPUT_DIR = Path("screenshots")
WAIT_SECONDS = 20
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
# Uncomment for headless capture if suitable for your site and browser setup.
# options.add_argument("--headless=new")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, WAIT_SECONDS)
try:
driver.get(LOGIN_URL)
# Replace selectors with the login form's actual fields and submit control.
wait.until(EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.NAME, "username"))).send_keys(USERNAME)
driver.find_element(By.NAME, "password").send_keys(PASSWORD)
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "button[type='submit']").click()
# Choose a stable element visible only after authentication.
wait.until(EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, "[data-test='account-nav']")))
OUTPUT_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
for name, url, ready_locator in PAGES:
driver.get(url)
wait.until(EC.visibility_of_element_located(ready_locator))
output_path = OUTPUT_DIR / f"{name}.png"
if not driver.save_screenshot(str(output_path)):
raise RuntimeError(f"WebDriver could not save screenshot: {output_path}")
print(f"Saved {output_path} ({urlparse(url).netloc})")
finally:
driver.quit()Keep credentials out of source code and version control. This example reads them from environment variables; use the secret-management method appropriate to your environment. If a page redirects unauthenticated visitors to login, the readiness wait will usually time out; check the final URL and authentication state before treating the image as a valid capture.
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Wait for the content you intend to capture
WebDriver navigation waits according to its configured page-load strategy, normally until document.readyState is complete. JavaScript can still update the page afterward, so wait for a meaningful element or state on each target page. Selenium’s waits documentation describes explicit waits and expected conditions such as visibility, presence, and title text.
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Use visibility when the screenshot needs an element the viewer can see. Presence is useful when existence in the DOM is enough, but it does not prove that the element is visible or finished updating. For highly dynamic pages, select a stable signal tied to the final state you need rather than a generic container that appears immediately.
Choose navigation blocking deliberately
Selenium documents three page-load strategies: normal waits for complete, eager waits for interactive, and none does not block on document readiness. Faster-return strategies can be useful only when followed by explicit waits that synchronize on the target page’s actual content. The strategy does not replace a page-specific readiness check. See Selenium’s page-load strategy documentation.
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Avoid mixed wait modes
Prefer finite explicit waits for the signals needed by this workflow. Selenium cautions that combining implicit and explicit waits can produce unpredictable timing. If an expected condition does not occur within the timeout, the script raises a timeout rather than silently saving a screenshot in an unknown state.
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Cookies and existing sessions
Signing in through the normal site flow is the safer general pattern because authentication may involve more than a cookie. Selenium provides cookie operations, but a cookie must be added while the browser is on a domain where that cookie is valid; setting a cookie alone does not establish that a particular site’s login can be reproduced. Consult the Selenium cookie documentation and the site’s own permitted authentication guidance.
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If you do use a site-supported session restoration method, verify it by waiting for the same authenticated-only marker before navigating to the capture URLs. Do not assume a browser session is still valid merely because a cookie was present earlier.
Screenshot output and practical limits
- Unique files: Give each page a distinct name, as in the example, so a later capture does not overwrite an earlier one.
- Current window:
save_screenshot(...)saves the current window screenshot. A universal full-page screenshot behavior across browsers is not established by the cited API; treat full-page capture as a separate browser-specific implementation requirement. - Output directory: The example creates its destination folder before writing. Check that the process has permission to write there and that available disk space is sufficient.
- Sequential capture: This loop navigates and captures pages one at a time in one session. It is simple and preserves the browser’s login context, but total runtime grows with navigation and wait time for every page.
- Cleanup: The
finallyblock callsdriver.quit()on success or failure, closing the browser session instead of leaving its process running.
Troubleshooting
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to check or change |
|---|---|---|
| Timeout after login | The login did not complete, the authenticated marker selector is wrong, or an additional site-specific step is required. | Inspect the browser’s final URL and page state; verify the selector against an authorized manual session, and adapt the authentication flow without bypassing site controls. |
| Screenshot shows a loading state or missing content | Navigation completed before JavaScript-driven content reached the desired state. | Wait for a page-specific visible element or other reliable completion signal, and use a finite timeout long enough for the expected page behavior. |
| Screenshot captures a sign-in page | The session expired, the page requires a different authorization path, or authentication did not persist across navigation. | Check whether the target URL redirected to login and confirm the authenticated marker again before capturing each protected area if the site can expire sessions quickly. |
| Element lookup fails | The selector does not match this page, the element is inside a frame, or the site rendered a different layout. | Confirm the selector and browsing context for the page; where appropriate, switch into the relevant frame before waiting for its elements. |
| No image file or an unexpected path | The output folder is not writable, the path differs from the current working directory, or the screenshot call returned failure. | Use an explicit absolute output directory if needed, check filesystem permissions, and preserve the return-value check shown in the script. |
| CAPTCHA, MFA prompt, or anti-automation block | The site requires an additional verification or restricts automation. | Use the site’s permitted automation path or stop the automated capture. Selenium does not make it appropriate to bypass access controls. |
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