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One free scan finds every outdated or missing driver and matches the right update for your exact hardware.Free scan · exact hardware matchNot by default. An AI agent that knows an Ethereum address, can read its balance, or can connect to an RPC endpoint cannot spend from an ordinary externally owned account (EOA). The account’s private-key signature is required. An agent can act only when the owner deliberately gives it signing authority, grants a wallet permission, or uses a smart-contract account whose rules authorize the agent’s calls.
That distinction matters: handing over a seed phrase gives the agent essentially the same authority as the owner, while a properly configured smart account can restrict destinations, functions, amounts, frequency and expiry.
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What “access” means on Ethereum
Ethereum accounts can receive, hold and send ETH and tokens. Ethereum.org describes an account as an entity with an ETH balance that can send messages on Ethereum. The word access can mean several different things, however:
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- Execution access: submitting a transaction or UserOperation that changes state, such as transferring tokens or swapping assets.
- Signing authority: producing the cryptographic authorization that the account or its validation code accepts.
- Policy authority: changing the rules that determine which calls are accepted.
An AI agent can have read access without having execution access. It can also prepare a transaction for a human to approve without being able to sign or broadcast it itself.
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Why an ordinary wallet does not let an agent spend
Externally owned accounts (EOAs)
An EOA is controlled by a public/private key pair. The public address identifies the account; the private key creates signatures. Ethereum nodes verify the signature before accepting a transaction that spends the EOA’s ETH or moves tokens it controls.
Knowing the address, seed phrase derivation path without the seed, balance, nonce or RPC URL does not create a valid signature. An agent may calculate gas, build calldata and suggest a destination, but the network will reject an unsigned or incorrectly signed transaction.
The security boundary changes completely if the private key or seed phrase is supplied. Whoever has that secret can generally authorize the same transactions as the owner: transfers to arbitrary addresses, approvals for token contracts, contract deployments and other actions permitted by the account’s balance. Ethereum.org’s account-abstraction roadmap warns that stolen keys give thieves instant access to all funds in the account. A prompt, plugin, log file or server environment is therefore an unsafe place for a main-wallet secret.
Contract accounts
A smart-contract account is controlled by code rather than by Ethereum’s normal EOA signature check alone. Its code decides which calls are valid. It can still hold and send ETH and tokens, but authorization can include multiple signatures, session keys, spending limits, destination allowlists or other conditions.
Four ways an agent can be authorized
1. Give the agent the private key
This is the simplest technical route and the riskiest. The agent becomes a signer with broad authority over the EOA. There is no built-in distinction between an agent’s routine trade and the owner’s transfer unless an external system imposes one. Revocation requires moving funds to a new account or replacing the key, and any funds already exposed remain at risk.
2. Have the owner sign each transaction
The agent can operate as an assistant: it prepares a transaction, displays the chain, destination, function and amount, and the owner approves it in a wallet. The owner’s signature remains the authorization. This is the strongest default for a main wallet, but it is not autonomous; every action waits for a human approval.
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3. Use a smart account with delegated rules
A smart account can recognize an agent’s session key or delegation and enforce policy in contract code. The agent is an authorized caller, not the wallet’s owner. The contract can reject calls that exceed a limit, target an unapproved contract, use an unapproved function or arrive after an expiry.
4. Request wallet execution permissions
ERC-7715 is a draft standard titled “Request Permissions from Wallets.” It defines the JSON-RPC method wallet_requestExecutionPermissions for a dapp to request execution on a user’s behalf. A request identifies a chain, an optional from account, a to session or dapp account, a permission type and optional rules.
The wallet remains the gatekeeper. The specification requires an error when a request is malformed or when the wallet is unable or unwilling to grant permissions. An example rule uses a Unix-timestamp expiry, and a wallet may attenuate a permission when isAdjustmentAllowed is true. ERC-7715 is still a draft, so wallets and dapps may support different permission types and rule sets.
How ERC-4337 smart accounts validate an agent
ERC-4337 moves authorization into account code and processes operations through an EntryPoint contract. A smart account implements validateUserOp, which checks whether a proposed UserOperation is acceptable. The validation logic can support:
- session keys that expire or are limited to particular chains;
- spending caps per transaction or over a time window;
- allowlisted destination contracts and function selectors;
- multi-signature approval for sensitive actions;
- nonce and replay protection;
- emergency pause, recovery and key-rotation procedures.
The account must verify both the operation’s authorization and that calls come through a trusted EntryPoint. ERC-4337 documentation summarizes this requirement as: “Smart accounts must explicitly trust a specific EntryPoint contract.” Trusting an unintended or malicious EntryPoint would undermine the account’s policy, so the configured address and upgrade process deserve the same scrutiny as the wallet itself.
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ERC-4337 does not make an AI agent an owner. It gives the account a programmable way to decide whether the agent’s request satisfies the installed policy. Whether a wallet exposes expiry, revocation, allowlists or recovery controls depends on that wallet’s implementation; ERC-4337 alone does not guarantee a particular user interface or feature.
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EIP-7702 and delegated code for EOAs
EIP-7702 allows an EOA to use delegated account code through an explicit authorization tuple. Current ERC-4337 specifications describe handling for such delegated smart-contract-account behavior. The delegated code must protect initialization and verify the EntryPoint path.
This can let an EOA temporarily or persistently use smart-account logic without treating an arbitrary agent as an automatic owner. The authorization tuple, delegate contract and validation checks still determine what is possible. Users should inspect how delegation is installed, how it is removed and what happens if the delegate contract is upgraded.
What a safe agent setup looks like
- Keep the primary seed phrase offline. Never paste it into an agent prompt, browser extension, plugin, issue tracker or server configuration. If it has already been exposed, move assets to a new wallet using a clean device.
- Create a separate smart account for automation. Fund it only with the amount needed for the task. This limits the damage from a faulty model, compromised server or buggy contract.
- Define the policy before funding. Specify the chain, tokens, destination contracts, callable functions, maximum amount, frequency and expiry. If the wallet cannot express a restriction, treat the design as broad key delegation.
- Require a human for high-impact changes. Policy updates, withdrawals, new destinations, upgrades and unusually large transactions should need an owner or multisignature approval.
- Use a separate execution identity. A session key or delegated account should not also control recovery keys, upgrade keys or the main treasury.
- Monitor activity. Watch transfers, approvals, UserOperations and policy-change events. Alert on a new destination, an unusual function call, a failed validation spike or activity outside the expected schedule.
- Revoke or rotate when circumstances change. Remove the delegation or session key when the agent software, hosting environment, operator or policy changes. Rotate credentials after a suspected compromise.
Permission designs compared
| Design | What authorizes the call | Typical scope | Revocation and risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| EOA with seed phrase supplied | Private-key signature held by the agent | Usually the entire account | High risk; replace the key or move funds to revoke |
| EOA with human approval | Owner signs each transaction | Per-transaction review | Strong control, but no unattended execution |
| ERC-4337 smart account | validateUserOp and trusted EntryPoint |
Programmable limits, keys, targets and functions | Depends on wallet controls, recovery and upgrade design |
| ERC-7715 permission request | Wallet grants a requested execution permission | Rules such as chain, account, session and expiry where implemented | Wallet can refuse or attenuate; draft implementations may differ |
| EIP-7702 delegated code | Explicit authorization tuple plus delegate checks | EOA uses the delegate’s account logic | Depends on delegate removal, initialization protection and upgrades |
When comparing two wallets or delegation frameworks, evaluate the actual contract and recovery path rather than the marketing label.
Security questions to answer before granting permission
Can the agent reach a new destination?
Prefer an allowlist of exact contract addresses. A token symbol or website name is not a sufficient control because symbols can be duplicated and front ends can be compromised.
Can it call any function on an approved contract?
Limit function selectors where possible. Approving a decentralized-exchange address while allowing arbitrary calldata may still permit administrative or unexpected methods.
What stops replay or double spending?
Check nonce handling, chain identification and expiry. A permission that can be replayed on another chain or after its intended period is broader than it appears.
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Who can change the rules?
Identify owner, guardian, upgrade and recovery keys. A narrow agent permission is not protective if a single unattended key can replace the account implementation or policy.
Who pays gas?
A paymaster or relayer can sponsor fees, but sponsorship is transaction infrastructure, not authorization. The smart account must still validate the call. Sponsorship can add another service, policy and availability dependency.
What happens during failure?
Plan for a reverted transaction, a stuck UserOperation, an expired session, a changed EntryPoint or a compromised agent host. The operator should be able to pause automation and recover funds without relying on the agent.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Implementation paths developers may encounter
Ethereum.org’s developer directory lists several implementation leads, including the MetaMask Delegation Framework (Gator) for specific, revocable permissions, Pimlico’s permissionless.js for assembling ERC-4337 account operations, and Coinbase’s Base Account SDK for smart-contract wallets using passkeys and gasless transactions. These are tools to evaluate, not proof that a particular wallet, chain or permission type is available in every region or product version.
Before adopting any SDK, verify the contracts, supported chains, audit history, upgrade authority, documentation for revocation and the exact permissions the SDK requests. A library can make transaction assembly easier without narrowing the authority granted to the resulting account.
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- “The agent only has an address, so it can trade.” An address is read-only. Add owner approval or a smart-account policy before expecting execution.
- “An encrypted seed phrase in the prompt is safe.” Prompts, logs and model providers are not a key-management boundary. Keep secrets in a dedicated signer or hardware-backed system.
- “A paymaster makes the wallet safer.” It pays gas; it does not replace signature or policy validation. Review the account rules separately.
- “A token approval is limited to one trade.” ERC-20 approvals can remain active and may allow later transfers by the approved contract. Set the smallest allowance practical and revoke it when finished.
- “A draft standard guarantees interoperability.” ERC-7715 is a draft. Confirm the wallet’s supported permission types, rule syntax and revocation behavior.
- “A smart account cannot be drained.” Bugs, malicious upgrades, weak recovery keys and overly broad policies can still authorize loss. Smart-account security is only as strong as its code and governance.
Bottom line for wallet owners
An AI agent cannot spend from an ordinary Ethereum wallet merely because it knows the address or can access blockchain data. It needs a valid owner signature or an authorization path implemented by the account. Giving it a private key grants broad control; using a separately funded smart account with explicit limits can provide useful automation without making the agent the owner.
For any design, verify the exact chain, contracts, functions, limits, expiry, nonce rules, upgrade authority, recovery process and monitoring plan. Treat permissions as revocable security policy, not as a convenience toggle.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can an AI agent see my wallet balance without being able to spend?
Yes. Ethereum addresses and blockchain state are public, so an agent can read balances and transactions without possessing a signing authority.
Does ERC-4337 itself impose a spending limit?
No. ERC-4337 supplies the validation framework; the smart-account implementation must add limits, allowlists, session keys or other policies.
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Can I revoke an ERC-7715 permission?
The draft lets wallets manage or attenuate granted permissions, but the exact revocation controls depend on the wallet and implementation you use.
Are paymasters responsible for approving an agent’s transaction?
No. A paymaster or relayer sponsors or submits gas; the account’s signature and validation policy still authorize the operation.
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