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The Artemis Accords are a political commitment among countries to follow shared principles for civil exploration and use of the Moon and other celestial bodies. They are not a treaty and do not grant signatories ownership of lunar territory. Instead, they set out practices for transparency, safety, scientific cooperation, resource use, and avoiding harmful interference, within the framework of existing space treaties.
What are the Artemis Accords?
NASA and the U.S. Department of State established the Accords in 2020 with seven other initial signatories. Their stated aim is to create a common vision of practical principles, guidelines, and best practices for safe and sustainable civil space exploration. Their scope includes civil activities on the Moon, Mars, comets, and asteroids. NASA’s overview of the Artemis Accords describes the principles and signatory list.
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The signed text calls the Accords a political commitment. They express shared expectations for participating countries; they are not a standalone international treaty. NASA’s first-signings announcement said cooperative activities would be implemented through bilateral agreements setting out responsibilities and other legal provisions. NASA’s 2020 announcement explains that implementation approach.
What principles do signatories commit to?
The Accords describe a set of practices for civil space activity. They address more than lunar operations, and they do not assign a country a particular mission or location.
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- Peaceful purposes and transparency: Signatories commit to peaceful activity and to sharing information about their plans and operations.
- Interoperability: They pledge reasonable efforts to use existing standards or develop standards that allow systems to work together.
- Emergency assistance: The principles include aiding astronauts in distress.
- Registration and coordination: Signatories address registering space objects and coordinating activities.
- Scientific data: They commit to making scientific data from their activities publicly available.
- Space heritage: The Accords call for preserving historically significant sites and artifacts in outer space.
- Space resources: They recognize extraction and use of space resources as potentially compatible with the Outer Space Treaty, subject to that treaty’s requirements.
- Debris and disposal: They call for planning to mitigate orbital debris and dispose of spacecraft safely.
Do the Accords let countries claim parts of the Moon?
No. The Accords do not grant territorial sovereignty or make a permanent land claim for a signatory. Their provisions on operations call for sharing information, coordinating activities, and avoiding harmful interference. NASA describes safety zones as temporary and tied to the relevant operation, not as permanent territory. Signatories are to respect free access and act with due regard for the activities of others. NASA’s overview and the signed Accords text set out those principles.
The text frames safety zones as a way to notify others and coordinate around an operation, not to exclude them indefinitely. How resource use, due regard, and particular safety-zone practices should be interpreted in future disputes remains a legal and diplomatic question; the Accords’ text does not settle every possible disagreement.
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How do the Accords relate to existing space treaties?
The Accords affirm compliance with the 1967 Outer Space Treaty and refer to the Rescue and Return Agreement, the Liability Convention, and the Registration Convention. They also point to coordination through multilateral forums, including the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.
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Those treaties provide the binding international-law backdrop. The Accords articulate shared practices and commitments for participating civil space agencies; they do not replace the treaties. NASA presented them as reinforcing and implementing existing obligations, with cooperative work carried out through bilateral agreements that specify responsibilities and legal provisions. The framework states the signatories’ commitments, but it does not by itself settle how every principle will apply in a future dispute or how non-signatories will view a particular practice.
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How many countries have signed the Artemis Accords?
NASA reported 76 signatory countries as of September 28, 2026. Its overview says San Marino became the 76th signatory on September 25, 2026, and NASA’s September 28 release also gives the total as 76. The count can change as more countries sign. NASA’s signatory overview and its September 2026 announcement provide the dated figures.
Signing is not the same as receiving a specific mission assignment. In its September 2026 release, NASA said signatories had been invited to participate in its lunar exploration effort through possible contributions such as scientific payloads, technology demonstrations, CubeSats, and other capabilities. That is an invitation or opportunity, not a guarantee that each signatory will take part in a particular mission.
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What the Accords are intended to achieve
At the first-signings announcement, NASA official Mike Gold described the aim as reducing misperceptions and the risk of conflict through transparency, public registration, and deconfliction of operations. That is an attributed statement of intent, not independent evidence that the Accords have already prevented conflict. The framework’s practical significance will depend on how signatories implement its principles and how those practices are received beyond the group.
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