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AP2, ACP and x402 address different parts of agent-enabled commerce, so they are not three interchangeable payment rails. AP2 defines authorization and evidence for agent payments; ACP connects merchants’ catalogs and checkout to commerce in ChatGPT; and the AP2 FAQ describes x402 only as a crypto-payment standard that can be used with A2A. The practical distinction is who authorizes a purchase, who runs checkout and fulfills the order, and which payment arrangement the documented flow actually supports.
How do AP2, ACP and x402 differ?
The shortest useful comparison is by function. AP2 focuses on mandates, receipts and responsibilities that establish what an agent is authorized to do. ACP specifies how ChatGPT can work with merchant product data and checkout services. x402 enters this comparison through AP2’s FAQ, which calls it a crypto-payment standard and describes a possible connection with A2A; that reference does not establish a complete x402 architecture or make it equivalent to AP2 or ACP.
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| Protocol | What the cited official material establishes | What it does not establish |
|---|---|---|
| AP2 | An open agent-payment protocol with Checkout and Payment Mandates, receipts, role-based responsibilities, and payment-agnostic language in its FAQ. AP2 v0.2 specification; AP2 FAQ | A complete product-catalog and merchant-checkout API, or production adoption based on sample flows. |
| ACP | OpenAI’s protocol for connecting merchant product feeds and checkout to ChatGPT commerce. Merchants handle payment processing, order acceptance and fulfillment. ACP key concepts; Agentic Checkout Spec | Automatic live checkout access for every merchant, or a transfer of merchant-of-record responsibility to OpenAI. |
| x402 | The AP2 FAQ calls x402 a crypto-payment standard and points to an A2A-plus-x402 implementation; it says alignment with AP2 is planned. AP2 FAQ | Its full current flow, supported chains, fees, security properties, or adoption. Those details are not stated in the AP2 FAQ. |
What does AP2 do in an agent payment?
AP2 is best understood as an authorization and evidence layer, not a general-purpose storefront or checkout API. Its v0.2 specification describes two broad situations: a person is present to authorize a purchase, or an agent acts autonomously within constraints the person has already set. In both cases, the protocol’s mandate model is intended to record the task and authorization relevant to the transaction.
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In the described flow, a Shopping Agent works out the user’s task and assembles mandate contents. A Trusted Surface is used to obtain signed Checkout and Payment Mandates. The Checkout Mandate and its receipt relate to what is being purchased; a linked Payment Mandate and receipt relate to payment. This separation creates evidence about the purchase and payment rather than treating an agent’s conversational intent as the only record. See the AP2 v0.2 specification.
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Where verification belongs
AP2 assigns responsibilities to defined roles and calls for validation and processing to take place in deterministic code. Its v0.2 specification states: “When this document refers to validation or processing for a particular role, it MUST happen in deterministic code regardless of whether the role is agentic or not.” This is a requirement in the specification, not evidence by itself that every implementation or transaction follows it.
The AP2 documentation displays version v0.2 and says standardization work continues in the FIDO Alliance’s Agentic Authentication Technical and Payments Technical Working Groups. A version label and ongoing standards work should not be mistaken for proof of universal deployment or production adoption.
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What does ACP do in ChatGPT commerce?
ACP is a merchant integration and checkout layer. The documented flow connects a structured merchant product feed with merchant-operated checkout endpoints. For a purchase, ChatGPT can create and update a checkout session and then complete it to receive order state. The merchant calculates and validates checkout details, decides whether to accept the order, processes payment using its payment provider, and manages fulfillment and customer support. The ACP key concepts state that OpenAI is not the merchant of record.
Payment processing stays with the merchant
ACP does not mean OpenAI becomes the seller or takes over the merchant’s payment processing. The documented arrangement keeps order decisions, charging the payment method, and fulfillment with the merchant. Delegated Payments can pass a limited payment token through a merchant’s trusted payment service provider. The documentation identifies Stripe Shared Payment Token as the first implementation compatible with the Delegated Payment Spec; that is a specific documented implementation, not evidence that every provider or payment method is supported. See the Agentic Checkout Spec.
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Open protocol does not mean open enrollment
OpenAI says the ACP documentation and integration are open to developers, while Instant Checkout is available to approved partners. Those are different kinds of availability: developers can work with the protocol materials, but that alone does not grant a merchant access to live ChatGPT checkout.
OpenAI announced Instant Checkout on September 29, 2025, describing an initial U.S. rollout for U.S. ChatGPT Free, Plus and Pro users, with initial Etsy seller availability and single-item transactions. Those are launch-time details, not a current October 2026 availability matrix. The announcement said more merchants and regions were planned; check the current ACP documentation for partner access and supported regions rather than assuming the launch conditions still apply.
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What is x402’s relationship to AP2?
The official AP2 FAQ describes AP2 as payment-agnostic and refers to an A2A-plus-x402 implementation for crypto payments. It says closer alignment with AP2 is planned over time. This establishes a limited relationship: the FAQ presents x402 as something that can be used with A2A and says alignment is intended. It does not establish that x402 is built into AP2, that the two protocols have identical roles, or that AP2, ACP and x402 are competing options.
The cited material is not enough to describe x402’s current protocol flow, supported networks, fees, security properties or deployment status. Those specifics should not be inferred from the brief AP2 FAQ reference.
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How should a team decide which protocol is relevant?
- For authorization rules and transaction evidence: examine AP2’s mandates, receipts and role responsibilities. Its purpose is to make the user’s constraints and transaction authorization part of the payment flow.
- For merchant product discovery and ChatGPT checkout: examine ACP’s product-feed and checkout-session integration. The merchant remains responsible for accepting orders, processing payment and fulfillment.
- For a crypto-payment path mentioned alongside A2A: x402 is the relevant term in the AP2 FAQ, but the cited source is not a sufficient implementation guide. Consult an authoritative current x402 specification before making technical, chain-support or fee decisions.
These are complementary points of investigation, not a recommendation to combine all three. AP2 and ACP describe different jobs, while the available AP2 FAQ reference to x402 does not document a complete three-protocol design. The official sources cited here provide no comparable adoption counts or transaction volumes, so they do not support ranking the protocols by market traction.
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