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A shallow, dense, magnetized structure beneath the Dewar swirl on the Moon’s far side may be buried mare basalt, according to a 2026 study. The researchers estimate that the rock preserves a magnetic field strength above 11 microtesla, which they interpret as evidence that a lunar dynamo was active about 4.2 billion years ago. The structure is inferred from gravity and magnetic data; it has not been directly observed or sampled as a volcano.
What did the study find beneath the Dewar swirl?
The Dewar swirl is a bright surface feature associated with a magnetic anomaly on the Moon’s far side. In a study published in Science Advances in September 2026, Xi Yang, Anna Mittelholz, Adrien Broquet, and Max Moorkamp jointly analyzed gravity and magnetic observations from the area. Their results support an interpretation of a shallow, high-density, magnetized body consistent with buried mare basalt. The study abstract, indexed by PubMed, describes a geophysical inference—not a volcano directly seen or sampled.
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Mare basalt is volcanic rock associated with the Moon’s dark lava plains. In this case, the proposed buried basalt offers a possible geological source for the magnetic material associated with the Dewar anomaly. The observations constrain what may lie beneath the surface, but do not establish the body’s exact shape or composition through direct sampling.
What does the magnetic-field estimate mean?
The authors estimate a paleointensity exceeding 11 microtesla (µT). Paleointensity is an estimate of the strength of the magnetic field recorded by rock when it formed or became magnetized; it is not a measurement of the Moon’s magnetic field today. The researchers interpret the estimate as evidence that a lunar dynamo—a magnetic field generated by activity within the Moon—was active about 4.2 billion years ago.
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The age is constrained using basin ejecta that lies on top of the feature, according to the study abstract. The 4.2-billion-year figure is therefore part of the authors’ interpretation of when the recorded magnetization relates to the Moon’s history, not a direct observation of a global field at a precisely measured moment.
Why does a possible buried volcano matter?
The finding connects a possible volcanic structure to evidence of ancient magnetization. It adds a geological setting that can help scientists assess how the Moon’s volcanic and magnetic histories relate: the inferred body is both dense and magnetized, and the study’s estimate is consistent with a strong ancient field.
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The broader context makes buried volcanism plausible without confirming this particular structure. NASA describes the Moon as volcanically inactive today but notes widespread evidence of past activity, including cooled-lava plains and domes. NASA also says gravity anomalies bordering the Procellarum region are interpreted as ancient rift zones flooded by lava and buried beneath volcanic plains. Those examples show that lunar volcanic structures can be concealed; they are not independent confirmation of the body beneath Dewar.
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Does this settle how the Moon’s magnetic field formed?
No. The Dewar result supports an early lunar dynamo, but it does not resolve the full history of lunar magnetism. The study describes that history as an open question: returned samples have produced complex and contradictory paleomagnetic records, while orbital magnetic anomalies have been attributed to either a core dynamo or transient fields generated by impacts.
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The study abstract also reports that swirl formation requires horizontal magnetization and iron oxide enrichment. Those reported conditions are relevant to the Dewar swirl, but the available abstract does not provide enough methodological detail to explain how the requirements were derived or how much each condition contributes.
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