If an MCP server’s available tools changed but your agent still shows the old list, the likely issue is freshness: a client must learn that its cached catalog is stale and then fetch the updated list. The protocol provides ways to discover server capabilities and subscribe to change notifications, but a host only reflects changes if its deployed client supports and uses those mechanisms.
Why a server change may not reach an agent
An MCP server can change its available tools, prompts, or resources without the agent immediately seeing the new catalog. The server’s current state and the client’s cached view are separate. A client needs either to refresh its view or to receive a change signal and re-fetch the affected list.
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Protocol support alone does not make that happen. The deployed host and SDK must support the relevant protocol revision, subscribe to the right notification stream, and act on a notification by requesting fresh data.
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What changed in the July 2026 MCP revision
The MCP project announced specification revision 2026-07-28 on July 28, 2026. It describes a stateless protocol core and removes the older initialize/initialized exchange and Mcp-Session-Id session header. Requests instead carry protocol version, client identity, and capabilities in metadata. Implementations built around earlier, session-based behavior may therefore make different assumptions. See the official release announcement and the revision changelog.
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Discovery is not a continuing update feed
A client may call server/discover to learn server identity, capabilities, and supported protocol versions before making another request. The call is optional, and it describes discovery up front—not ongoing notice of every catalog change. As the maintainers explain, “it is not required.”
Change notifications require an opt-in subscription
In this revision, change alerts use opt-in subscriptions/listen streams. A client selects the kinds of changes it wants to hear about, such as toolsListChanged, promptsListChanged, or resourcesListChanged. The server acknowledges the subscription and associates later notifications with a subscription identifier. A client that never subscribes to the relevant change type should not assume it will receive that alert. The subscription design is documented in the MCP changelog.
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A notification means “refresh,” not “here is the new list”
A change notification is a stale signal; it is not the replacement tool, prompt, or resource catalog. After receiving a relevant alert, the client needs to request the affected list again—for example, call tools/list after a tools-list change—and update its cached view. The TypeScript SDK’s notifications documentation describes this re-fetch pattern.
That distinction helps locate failures. If the server changed but the client never received an alert, inspect protocol support and subscription handling. If the alert arrived but the agent still shows old entries, inspect whether the client actually re-fetched and replaced its cached list.
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How caching affects freshness
List and read results can include ttlMs and cacheScope hints. The server can use ttlMs to indicate a freshness interval in milliseconds; cacheScope can be public or private, indicating whether shared intermediaries may cache the result. These values inform caching behavior, but they are not a guarantee that every agent sees every change immediately or that a cache is universally invalidated. The specification changelog also recommends deterministic tool ordering to support client caching and prompt-cache stability.
What to check when the catalog is stale
- Compare protocol revisions. Find the revision used by the deployed client and server. Do not assume a client built for the older handshake-based protocol family behaves like one implementing
2026-07-28. - Verify deployed support. Check the actual host and SDK versions, not just the protocol’s capabilities. The release announcement lists updated Tier 1 SDKs and notes migration work for implementations that relied on sessions.
- Check the subscription. Confirm the client subscribes to the relevant list-change type on
subscriptions/listenand that the server acknowledges it. - Trace the refresh. After a notification, verify that the client requests the corresponding list again and updates the catalog it presents to the agent.
- Inspect cache hints and layers. Check how the client and any shared cache interpret
ttlMsandcacheScope; neither should be mistaken for an immediate push or universal invalidation. - Review unexpected additions. When a catalog changes, inspect newly available tools and their permissions before allowing them to be used.
Review capability changes as a security event
A changed catalog is not, by itself, evidence of malicious activity. But a newly available tool may expand what an agent can do, so unexpected additions warrant review of the server, tool behavior, and access controls. The NSA’s May 2026 Model Context Protocol (MCP): Security Design Considerations warns that MCP security remains uneven and depends substantially on implementation discipline rather than protocol guarantees. Read the NSA guidance.
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