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1Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsA dependable WordPress disaster-recovery plan has two coordinated parts: a copy of the database and a copy of the complete site file set. Back up the database first, then the files; restore the files first, import the matching database dump, and make sure wp-config.php points to the restored database. Keep protected copies away from production and rehearse the procedure on an isolated system before an outage or hack occurs.
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What a complete WordPress backup contains
WordPress Developer Resources summarizes the requirement plainly: there are two parts to backing up a WordPress site—database and files. Neither part is sufficient by itself. Site files normally do not contain posts, pages, users, comments, settings, or other data stored in MySQL or MariaDB. Conversely, a database dump cannot recreate your themes, plugins, uploaded media, configuration, or custom code.
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Export every WordPress database table, including tables created by plugins. A normal export contains posts, pages, revisions, comments, users, options, metadata, taxonomy relationships, plugin settings, and other records. Preserve the dump in a format your tools can import, such as .sql, compressed .sql.gz, or .sql.bz2. Record the database engine and version because compatibility matters during recovery.
The file set
Capture the entire WordPress directory, not only wp-content. Include:
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- WordPress core files.
wp-content/uploads, including images, documents, generated media, and other user files.- Active and inactive themes, child themes, plugins, and must-use plugins.
wp-config.php, with its salts and database connection settings..htaccessor equivalent web-server rules.- Custom PHP, JavaScript, CSS, templates, deployment scripts, and other files added by your team.
- Static files stored outside the usual directories but served by the site.
A file archive without the database may bring the site to a blank or outdated state. A database without the files may show broken styling, missing images, disabled functionality, or fatal errors.
Information outside the webroot
Some recovery-critical settings are not in the WordPress directory. Document cron jobs, PHP and web-server configuration, firewall rules, SSL certificate arrangements, scheduled tasks, DNS records, domain registrar details, and any external storage or email settings. Keep credentials in a password manager or another secure reference rather than in an unprotected text file. Record WordPress, PHP, database, theme, and plugin versions for every backup set.
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| Component | What it restores | Typical change pattern |
|---|---|---|
| Database export | Content, users, comments, settings, metadata, and plugin data | Changes whenever content, settings, commerce, forms, or users change |
| Core, themes, plugins | Code and presentation required to execute WordPress | Changes during updates, deployments, and configuration work |
| Uploads and other site files | Media, documents, generated assets, and custom files | Changes when editors upload or developers deploy files |
| Configuration outside the webroot | Jobs, server behavior, DNS, certificates, and infrastructure settings | Changes during hosting, domain, security, or operations work |
Set recovery objectives before choosing a schedule
Do not start with a plugin interval or a hosting plan. Start with the loss your organization can tolerate and the time it can operate offline.
Recovery point objective (RPO)
RPO is the maximum acceptable amount of recent data loss. A publishing site may need database captures often enough to preserve the latest articles and comments. A shop or membership site may need much tighter protection because orders, accounts, and transactions change continuously. A mostly static brochure site can usually capture its database less often, provided a backup is made before meaningful edits.
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Recovery time objective (RTO)
RTO is the maximum acceptable outage. Estimate the time to obtain the backup, provision a clean destination, transfer files, import the database, update configuration, test the site, and change traffic. Include the time needed to investigate a compromise; restoring a hacked site is not the same as copying files.
WordPress sources do not publish a universal RPO, RTO, retention period, or restore-test frequency. Choose values from your business impact, transaction volume, staffing, and technical dependencies, then write them down.
Retention and responsibility
Decide how long daily, weekly, monthly, and pre-change copies remain available, and identify the person authorized to start a restore. Keep at least one known-good set from before the incident; do not let an automated job overwrite every older copy with a damaged or encrypted one. Define who can access archives, who holds encryption keys, and who approves returning traffic to production.
Build a dated, verifiable backup set
- Record the environment. Save the site URL, DNS details, WordPress version, PHP version, MySQL or MariaDB version, active theme and plugin versions, server paths, scheduled jobs, and required credentials or secure references.
- Export the database first. You can use phpMyAdmin, a hosting control panel, or a command-line client. A typical MySQL export is
mysqldump -u DB_USER -p DB_NAME | gzip > db-2026-10-15.sql.gz. Replace the names with the real account values, protect the password prompt, and verify that the command reports no errors. For large databases, check import limits and available disk space before relying on a browser-based export. - Capture all files. Use FTP, SFTP, a control-panel archive, or a server-side copy to collect the complete WordPress directory. Include hidden files such as
.htaccess. Preserve ownership and permissions where your recovery environment requires them. - Pair the components. Place the database dump and file archive in one dated set, with a text manifest listing versions, capture time, source server, and archive names. Do not assume that two files created on different days are compatible.
- Check integrity. Generate a cryptographic hash, such as SHA-256, for each archive and store the hash separately from the production server. Recalculate it after transfer. A matching hash shows that a file did not change after hashing; it does not prove that the backup is complete or restorable.
- Encrypt and restrict access. Encrypt archives before moving them to remote storage, limit access to the people who perform recovery, and protect encryption keys separately. Read-only or immutable storage can prevent an attacker or faulty automation from deleting every copy.
- Keep independent copies. A copy that exists only on the same server may disappear with the server or become inaccessible during an incident. Maintain copies in independently administered storage and confirm that you can retrieve them without waiting for a host support request.
- Monitor the process. Automation is useful only when failures produce an alert. Check that each scheduled run completed, that the archive size is plausible, that both database and files are present, and that remote replication finished.
WordPress Developer Resources strongly recommends backing up the database at regular intervals and before an upgrade; that guidance page was updated January 14, 2026. Apply the same pre-change rule to plugin, theme, PHP, server, and DNS work.
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Compare backup approaches by recovery capability
The right method is the one that meets your objectives and can be operated under stress. Verify features against the current documentation for the exact product and version; schedules, retention, storage locations, and restore interfaces change.
| Approach | Strengths | Questions to verify | Operator burden |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manual exports | Direct control; works with phpMyAdmin, MySQL/MariaDB, FTP or SFTP, and control panels | Does the procedure include both database and files? Where are copies stored? Who checks completion and hashes? | High; consistency depends on people and documentation |
| Automated WordPress backup plugin | Can schedule captures and report status from a familiar interface | Does it actually include all database tables and all files? Can it store off-server, encrypt, retain versions, and restore without the production dashboard? | Lower for routine work, but setup and testing remain essential |
| Host-level snapshot | May capture an entire server or volume quickly | Is the snapshot independent, downloadable, encrypted, immutable, and available when the server fails? Can you restore selectively or to a clean destination? | Moderate; depends heavily on host controls and support |
| Managed backup service | May provide scheduled off-site copies, alerting, retention, and guided recovery | What exactly is covered, where is it stored, how long is it retained, and can you perform a test restore or migration without production access? | Lower day-to-day effort, with reliance on the service’s procedures and availability |
No category automatically guarantees recoverability. A plugin can omit files, a snapshot can be too old, and a provider can retain a copy that you cannot obtain quickly. Ask for a sample archive, a documented restore path, and evidence that alerts are delivered.
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Restore WordPress with a written runbook
The recommended order is files first, then the database. Use a clean or isolated destination whenever malware, unknown changes, or server compromise is possible.
- Declare the incident. Record when the problem was noticed, what symptoms appeared, who is coordinating, and the target restore point. Preserve the newest known-good backup without modifying it.
- Choose the restore point. Prefer a set created before the first sign of corruption, compromise, accidental deletion, or failed update. Note the expected data loss under the site’s RPO.
- Prepare the destination. Provision a clean server or staging environment with compatible PHP, MySQL/MariaDB, filesystem permissions, web-server modules, and enough disk space for the uncompressed files and database.
- Restore the files. Extract the complete archive, including hidden files, core files,
wp-content, uploads, themes, plugins,wp-config.php, and custom code. Correct ownership and permissions for the web process without making writable every directory. - Create or select the database. Create an empty database and user on the destination, or use an isolated database that will be replaced. Confirm character-set and collation compatibility.
- Import the matching dump. Decompress if necessary and import the SQL into MySQL or MariaDB. For a shell-based import, a pattern is
gunzip -c db-2026-10-15.sql.gz | mysql -u DB_USER -p DB_NAME. Watch for connection, size, timeout, and permission errors rather than assuming a completed command means a complete import. - Align
wp-config.php. Set the destination database name, username, password, host, and table prefix to match the restored database. Keep the original salts unless you deliberately want to invalidate every login session. - Handle a domain change carefully. If the site is moving to another domain, update the
siteurlandhomevalues as required and perform a serialization-safe search-and-replace for old URLs. Do not use a blind text replacement that can corrupt serialized WordPress data. - Validate before exposing it. Disable caches and maintenance blockers that could hide errors. Test administrator login, the front page, representative posts and pages, media files, navigation, permalinks, forms, email delivery, scheduled tasks, and error logs. For an ecommerce site, verify order records and payment callbacks without creating live transactions.
- Switch traffic last. After the isolated copy passes checks, update DNS or the load balancer, monitor logs and availability, and keep the old environment intact until the recovery is accepted.
- Document the outcome. Record the backup age, restore duration, commands or UI paths used, failures and fixes, data that could not be recovered, and follow-up actions. This record becomes the next runbook revision.
Test a backup before you need it
A successful upload or green dashboard indicator is not proof of recoverability. Schedule controlled restore drills in a separate environment that cannot overwrite production.
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- Retrieve a complete dated set and verify its stored hashes.
- Provision a destination with the documented PHP and database versions, permissions, and disk capacity.
- Restore files, import the database, and configure
wp-config.phpusing the runbook. - Use a temporary hostname or hosts-file entry so the restored site cannot accidentally send users to production.
- Exercise the acceptance checklist: login, permissions, representative content, media, search, permalinks, forms, email, cron jobs, plugin features, and logs.
- Measure elapsed time for retrieval, transfer, import, configuration, and validation. Compare the result with the stated RTO.
- Record missing files, incompatible versions, broken URLs, failed tasks, and operator confusion. Fix the backup process or documentation, then repeat the drill.
Test after major WordPress, PHP, database, theme, plugin, hosting, or domain changes. A restore rehearsal also reveals whether the person on call has the credentials and access needed when the production dashboard is unavailable.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Adjust the response to the incident
Malware or a suspected hack
Isolate the site, preserve logs and a forensic copy, and do not overwrite evidence with an in-place restore. Identify the compromise window, revoke exposed credentials, rotate keys, and inspect the restored files and database in isolation. Restore from a point before the intrusion, then patch WordPress and dependencies and remove the attack path. A backup tool cannot guarantee that a hacked site is clean merely because it can copy files back.
Server loss or filesystem failure
Use an independent copy and a clean destination. Confirm DNS, certificates, mail delivery, cron jobs, firewall rules, and external integrations, because they may not be included in a WordPress archive. Keep traffic pointed away from the failed server until validation is complete.
Accidental deletion or a failed update
Choose the newest compatible set before the change. If only a small number of files or records are affected, a selective restore may reduce data loss, but verify that the restored files and database belong to the same point in time.
Domain migration
Lower DNS TTL ahead of a planned move when practical, copy the complete site, update URL settings and serialized references safely, and test redirects, canonical URLs, media, forms, and login cookies on the temporary hostname before changing DNS.
Common failure modes and fixes
| Symptom | Likely cause | Action |
|---|---|---|
| Site loads with a database connection error | Wrong database name, user, password, host, or table prefix | Compare wp-config.php with the destination database and test the credentials directly. |
| Theme styling or images are missing | Only the database or only part of wp-content was restored |
Restore the complete file archive and verify upload paths and permissions. |
| Import stops partway through | Insufficient disk, timeout, packet-size, permission, or character-set limits | Check server limits and logs, create adequate space, and rerun the import while confirming table counts afterward. |
| Old domain appears in links | siteurl, home, or serialized content still references the old address |
Update URL settings and use a serialization-aware replacement method; then clear caches. |
| Logins fail after migration | Changed salts, incorrect URL or cookie domain, or incomplete user tables | Verify the users and options tables, keep salts consistent unless sessions must be revoked, and test with a temporary administrator. |
| Backup reports success but cannot be restored | Only one component was captured, archive is corrupt, or no restore test was performed | Require a manifest, hash check, both components, and a scheduled isolated restore drill. |
| Every available copy contains the compromise | Retention was too short or archives were writable from production | Extend retention, keep older independent sets, encrypt them, and use read-only or immutable storage where appropriate. |
Maintain the plan as the site changes
Revisit the schedule when publishing volume, order volume, staffing, hosting, or regulatory obligations change. Capture the database more frequently when records change rapidly, and capture files after theme, plugin, core, or custom-code updates. Make an additional set before upgrades, migrations, bulk imports, or security work.
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The practical standard for WordPress recovery
WordPress Developer Resources notes that with a proper backup of the database and files, you can restore a site to normal quickly. The qualifying word is proper: the set must be complete, coordinated, protected, retrievable, and tested. Define RPO and RTO from your site’s actual impact, keep independent encrypted copies, document the sequence, and rehearse it before the next failure.
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