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Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsFix Now →Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →Some Android phones arrive with malware because harmful software can be inserted into a phone’s factory software or delivered later through an over-the-air update. Android devices pass through a supply chain involving multiple companies, and a harmful app may be bundled by one of them—sometimes through deception, poor security practices, or deliberate criminal activity. This is a documented risk, not evidence that every preinstalled app or Android phone is infected.
How can malware get onto a phone before you use it?
A phone’s software is not always assembled by one company. Hardware, firmware, Android customizations, and bundled apps can come from different vendors. NIST notes that this design and manufacturing process can influence the security architecture of the finished device. NIST’s mobile supply-chain overview explains why each handoff can matter.
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It can be included in the factory software
A harmful app can be added to the software image installed before a phone is sold. Google’s 2018 Android security report identified new devices sold with preinstalled potentially harmful apps (PHAs) as one supply-chain entry point. A shipment can distribute a single app to many devices without each owner installing it.
It can arrive with an over-the-air update
An OTA update may bundle a harmful component alongside a legitimate system update. In that case, the risk is not limited to what was installed during assembly: a phone can receive the component later through its update path. Google identified this as a second entry point in its 2018 Android Security Year in Review.
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Why does Android’s supply chain create this risk?
Android can be customized by handset makers, which may add proprietary features and apps or work with mobile operators and other partners. That flexibility supports different products, but it also means more organizations can influence what software reaches a device. A study of real-world firmware from more than 200 vendors examined manufacturers, mobile operators, advertising and tracking services, and social platforms as participants in the preinstalled-software ecosystem. The study focused on actors and relationships, not a current count of infected phones. Gamba et al.’s 2019 study describes the analysis.
There is no single explanation for every incident. Google reported that malicious developers may find it easier to deceive a manufacturer or another supply-chain company than to persuade users individually. CERT-EU’s 2019 memo also cites poor coding practices and deliberate criminal acts as possible explanations for undesirable app behavior. A malware finding alone does not establish which supplier introduced it or whether that party knew it was harmful.
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Does preinstalled mean malicious?
No. An app that came with a phone may be legitimate, merely unwanted, privacy-invasive, vulnerable, or malicious; those descriptions are not interchangeable. Manufacturers customize Android and bundle software for various reasons, including product features and commercial arrangements. A specific claim of malware requires evidence about what the app does, not just the fact that it was preinstalled.
Placement also matters. CERT-EU described third-party apps placed in privileged system-app locations, while Google reported that preinstalled harmful apps can have privileges ordinary apps do not. Such access can make harmful behavior harder to detect or remove using ordinary user controls. It does not mean that every system app is malware.
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What have investigations documented?
Past reports show that supply-chain compromises have affected specific devices and software. Their figures describe historical incidents, not today’s infection rate or a current list of affected models.
| Evidence | What it establishes |
|---|---|
| CERT-EU memo, June 7, 2019 | It reported that two Android smartphone models had been sold with preinstalled malware affecting at least 20,000 users in Germany. It named the Doogee BL700 and M Horse Pure 1 in connection with German BSI alerts, and discussed a backdoor variant found in the default SoundRecorder app on uleFone S8 Pro smartphones. These are dated, location-specific findings. CERT-EU’s memo provides the incident details. |
| CERT-EU historical roundup, 2019 | The memo summarized supply-chain compromises reported since 2016 that affected up to 141 Android smartphone models. It included historical reports of a malware downloader embedded in firmware for 26 models, Triada in firmware, and Cosiloon in firmware on 141 smartphones. These are figures from that roundup, not current affected-device totals. CERT-EU’s memo is the source. |
| FirmwareDroid thesis, 2021 | The project scanned more than 900,000 apps and detected several hundred malware samples using tools including VirusTotal, AndroGuard, and APKiD. Its author noted methodological limits, including the absence of feasible dynamic analysis. Those results are not a representative infection rate. Sutter’s thesis describes the method and limitations. |
The available evidence here does not establish current global prevalence or a current list of affected phone models. Historical incident counts should not be projected forward as though they describe phones sold today.
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Why can’t I uninstall some apps that came with my phone?
Some bundled apps are treated as system components rather than ordinary apps. Depending on how the manufacturer placed and configured the app, the usual uninstall option may be unavailable or may only disable it. Privileged placement can also give an app access beyond that of a typical user-installed app, which is one reason a harmful preinstalled component may resist removal. The label “system app” alone does not prove malicious behavior.
What should you do if you suspect a preinstalled infection?
There is no universal cleanup procedure established for every phone or firmware-level compromise. An uninstall attempt, generic security app, or factory reset is not guaranteed to remove a component embedded in privileged software or firmware.
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- Check for official system updates. Use the update mechanism supplied for your specific phone and install available official updates.
- Use the device’s supplied security features. Treat their results as useful signals, not proof that every firmware-level threat has been found or removed.
- Ask the manufacturer or carrier for model-specific guidance. Provide the exact model and describe the app or behavior that raised concern.
- Use a trusted repair or replacement route if needed. If the device provider cannot offer a reliable remedy, seek qualified device-specific help rather than assuming a reset will solve the problem.
Google’s 2018 report said its certification process scanned apps on new certified devices and checked for other common security and privacy issues, with certification withheld until manufacturers fixed problems. That is a description of the process in that 2018 report, not a guarantee that every Android phone in every market receives identical checks today. The Android security reports archive lists reports through 2026, but an archive does not by itself establish current certification details for every device.
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