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Why a Mac App Needs Full Disk Access—and What It Can Read

Full Disk Access can let an app read many privacy-protected files, but it does not override every macOS security control or guarantee access to everything.
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Full Disk Access lets a Mac app access many files that macOS otherwise protects behind privacy controls. A backup app is one example: it may need to reach files wherever they are stored. The permission is broad, but it is not a promise that the app can read every item on the Mac or bypass every other security control.

Why an app may ask for Full Disk Access

Some workflows need to find or read files in protected locations throughout the filesystem. Apple names backup software as an example, since a backup may need to include files wherever they reside. That example explains a possible need; it does not establish that every backup app—or every app asking for this permission—actually requires it. The app’s stated purpose should make the request understandable.

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Apple says an app cannot grant itself Full Disk Access through code or an entitlement. The person using the Mac must approve it in macOS settings. Apple’s sandbox documentation describes that user-controlled grant.

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What an app with Full Disk Access can read

With permission, an app can access many files that macOS would otherwise restrict under this privacy control, when its workflow calls for them. There is no reliable, official, exhaustive directory list to use as a guarantee. Apple Developer Technical Support says the exact set of protected locations is undocumented and may change, so a particular path should not be assumed to behave identically across macOS versions.

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Full Disk Access does not erase the rest of macOS’s security boundaries. Standard file permissions and access control lists still matter, as can sandbox restrictions, System Integrity Protection, data protection, and system-only locations. Apple’s guidance therefore supports describing this permission as broad access to privacy-protected files—not unrestricted access to everything. See Apple Developer Technical Support’s discussion of macOS file-system controls and Apple’s sandbox documentation.

Full Disk Access and Files and Folders compared

These are separate privacy controls, though Apple Developer Technical Support says Full Disk Access subsumes Files and Folders access. Apple does not publish a stable directory-by-directory boundary for the protected locations, so the distinction is best understood by the way consent is managed rather than by treating either setting as a fixed list of paths.

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Control What it governs How access is approved Where to manage it
Files and Folders Access to files and folders covered by that privacy control; Apple does not provide a fixed exhaustive path list here. The user manages the app’s access in Privacy settings. System Settings or System Preferences > Privacy area, depending on macOS version.
Full Disk Access Broader access to files protected by privacy controls; Apple Developer Technical Support says it includes Files and Folders access. It does not override other file-system protections. The user must explicitly add or allow the app; it cannot approve itself. System Settings > Privacy & Security on macOS 13 or later; System Preferences > Security & Privacy on macOS 12 or earlier.

For Apple’s description of the settings location and explicit addition requirement, see Apple Support’s Full Disk Access instructions. For the relationship between the two controls and the limits of a fixed path list, see Apple Developer Technical Support.

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How to decide whether to grant it

  • Match the permission to the job. A backup tool may have a credible reason to scan files across locations; an app with no clear need deserves closer scrutiny.
  • Assess the app and its publisher. A request alone proves neither that the app is malicious nor that it is safe. Consider whether the app’s function, publisher, and explanation are trustworthy.
  • Grant only what you are comfortable with. Apple’s guidance is that apps should access only what they need and that the decision remains with the user. You can deny a request if its purpose is unclear.

Apple’s privacy guidance discusses limiting app access and keeping the decision with the user: Apple Privacy: Control.

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Where to review the setting

The settings path depends on macOS version. On macOS 13 or later, open System Settings > Privacy & Security > Privacy and select Full Disk Access. On macOS 12 or earlier, open System Preferences > Security & Privacy > Privacy and select Full Disk Access. Apple says apps requiring access to the full storage device must be explicitly added there; see Apple Support.

If access was denied, the app may not be able to complete the workflow that prompted the request. Apple’s developer documentation tells app makers to handle denial, and documents tccutil reset SystemPolicyAllFiles as a Full Disk Access authorization reset for development or troubleshooting. This is a technical reset command; most users can review or change the app’s permission in the settings pane instead. See Apple’s developer documentation.

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